Примечания
1
Washington Irving, The Sketch Book, in Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches, ed. James W. Tuttleton (New York, 1983), 770–81.
2
Jeffrey Rubin-Dorsky, Adrift in the Old World: The Psychological Pilgrimage of Washington Irving (Chicago, 1988), 74–75.
3
Niles’ Weekly Register, 9 (1815), 238.
4
Irving, The Sketch Book, in Tuttleton, ed., Washington Irving, 789.
5
William Stephen Smith to TJ, 9 Jan. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 501.
6
Thomas Lee Shippen to William Shippen, 14 Feb.–26 March 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 502–4; Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 46–47.
7
David Ramsay, A Dissertation on the Manner of Acquiring the Character and Privileges of a Citizen of the United States (Charleston, SC, 1789), 3. О создании революцией новой добровольной верности гражданству см. James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1978), 173–209.
8
Philadelphia Pennsylvania Packet, 26 Nov. 1776.
9
Первоначальный черновой вариант Декларации независимости Джефферсона, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 423.
10
George V. Taylor, «Noncapitalist Wealth and the Origins of the French Revolution», AHR, 62 (1967), 469–96; William Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1980), 17–18.
11
Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 544.
12
TJ to Henry Lee, 8 May 1825, Jefferson: Writings, 1501.
13
Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights (New York, 2007), 19.
14
William Byrd, «History of the Dividing Line… 1728», in Louis B. Wright, ed., The Prose Works of William Byrd of Westover (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 221; Fauquier to Jeffrey Amherst, 5 Oct. 1760, in Julie Richter, «The Impact of the Death of Governor Francis Fauquier on His Slaves and Their Families», Colonial Williamsburg Interpreter 18, no. 3 (Fall 1997), 2.
15
John Andrews, A Sermon on the Importance of Mutual Kindness (Philadelphia, 1790), 14.
16
Mark A. Noll, «Common Sense Traditions and American Evangelical Thought», American Quarterly, 37 (1985), 218; TJ to Peter Carr, 10 Aug. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 15.
17
Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 4.
18
TJ to Marbois, 5 Dec. 1783, Papers of Jefferson, 6: 374.
19
Geoffroy Atkinson, The Sentimental Revolution: French Writers of 1690–1740 (Seattle, 1966); Norman S. Fiering, «Irresistible Compassion: An Aspect of Eighteenth-Century Sympathy and Humanitarianism», Journal of the History of Ideas, 37 (1976), 199–212; John B. Radner, «The Art of Sympathy in Eighteenth-Century British Moral Thought», Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, 9 (Madison, WI, 1979), 189–210; Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999).
20
James Wilson, «Lectures on Law» (1790–1791), The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 1: 213.
21
David Hume, «of Commerce», Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1985), 262–63.
22
Jan Lewis, «The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic», WMQ, 44 (1987), 689–721.
23
Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 117.
24
«Amicus Republicae», Address to the Public (Exeter, NH, 1786), in Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, eds., American Political Writing During the Founding Era, 1760–1805 (Indianapolis, 1983), 1: 644.
25
Charleston South Carolina Gazette and General Advertiser, 9 Aug. 1783; John Jay to GW, 27 June 1786, in Henry P. Johnston, ed., The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay (New York, 1890–93), 3: 204–5.
26
BR to David Ramsay, [March or April 1788], Letters of Rush, 1: 454; GW to Jay, 1 Aug. 1786, 18 May 1786, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 28: 503, 431–32.
27
Charles Thomson to TJ, 6 April 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 380; Charleston South Carolina Gazette and Public Advertiser, 18–21 May 1785.
28
Editorial Note, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 208.
29
JM to TJ, 24 Oct. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 276.
30
Jackson Turner Main, «Government by the People: The American Revolution and Democratization of the Legislatures», WMQ, 23 (1966), 391–407; Rosemarie Zagarri, The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850 (Ithaca, 1987).
31
Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 40, 27.
32
«Madison’s Observations on Jefferson’s Draft of a Constitution for Virginia» (1788), Papers of Jefferson, 6: 308–9; Ezra Stiles, «The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor» (1783), in John W. Thornton, ed., The Pulpit of the American Revolution (Boston, 1860), 420.
33
«Address of the Council of Censors», 14 Feb. 1786, in William Slade, ed., Vermont State Papers (Middlebury, VT, 1823), 540.
34
Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 405.
35
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 120.
36
JA, «Novanglus», in Adams, ed., Works, 4: 79.
37
JM, «Vices of the Political System of the United States» (1787), Madison: Writings, 75.
38
Richard Price, Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution (Dublin, 1785), 85.
39
GW to John Hancock, 24 Sept. 1776, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 6: 107–8.
40
Theodore Sedgwick, A Memoir of the Life of William Livingston (New York, 1833), 403.
41
Christopher Grasso, A Speaking Aristocracy: Transforming Public Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut (Chapel Hill, 1999), 386.
42
Morris to John Penn, 20 May 1774, in Merrill Jensen, ed., American Colonial Documents to 1776 (London, 1955), 861–63.
43
[BR], «To the Freeman of the United States», Pennsylvania Gazette, 30 May 1787, in John P. Kaminski et al., eds., Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution (Madison, WI, 1976–), 13: 116.
44
Aristotle, Politics, VII.ix.1328 b33, trans. T. A. Sinclair, rev. Trevor J. Saunders (New York, 1981), 415.
45
JA, Notes for «A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law» (1765), Papers of Adams, 1: 107.
46
Henry Dwight Sedgwick, In Praise of Gentlemen (Boston, 1933), 130n.
47
TJ to JA, 28 Oct. 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 388; Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York, 1993), 2: 760, 761.
48
Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761.
49
James Kent, «An Introductory Lecture to a Course of Law Lectures», (1794), in Hyneman and Lutz, eds., American Political Writing During the Founding Era, 2: 947; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., 30 May 1790, Papers of Jefferson, 16: 449.
50
JA, Jan. 1776, Diary and Autobiography, 1: 198.
51
JA, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States (1787–88), in Adams, ed., Works, 6: 185.
52
Noah Webster, «On the Education of Youth in America» (1790), in Frederick Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education in the Early Republic (Cambridge, MA, 1965), 56.
53
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Oxford, 1976) (V.i.f 50–51), 2: 781–83.
54
Francis Hutcheson, A System of Moral Philosophy in Three Books (London, 1755), 2: 113.
55
TJ to Richard Henry Lee, 17 June 1779, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 2: 192; TJ to William Duane, 1 Oct. 1812, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 6: 80; TJ to Francis Willis, 13 April 1790, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 5: 157; BF to Cadwallader Colden, 11 Oct. 1750, Papers of Franklin, 4: 68.
56
Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics (New York, 1968), 143; Gordon S. Wood, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 2004), 183.
57
Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761; Wilson, «On the History of Property», in McCloskey, ed., Works of Wilson, 2: 716; John Dickinson, «Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania», in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson, vol. 1, Political Writings, 1764–1774 (Penn. Historical Society, Memoirs, 14 [Philadelphia, 1895]), 307.
58
Charles Chauncey to Richard Price, 1774, in D. C. Thomas and Bernard Peach, eds., The Correspondence of Richard Price (Durham, 1983), 1: 170.
59
David Duncan Wallace, The Life of Henry Laurens (New York, 1915), 335.
60
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard Labaree et al. (New Haven, 1964), 196.
61
TJ to John Page, 30 July 1776, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 482; Susan Dunn, Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison, and the Decline of Virginia (New York, 2007), 31.
62
AH, Federalist No. 35.
63
T. H. Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York, 2004).
64
Lisa B. Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston», in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850 (Boston, 1997), 181.
65
George Rudé, Hanoverian London, 1714–1808 (Berkeley, 1971), 37, 56–57.
66
Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist», in Wright and Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs, 185; Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1979), 295–322.
67
Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: «The People», the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution (New York, 2007), 33.
68
Heather Nathans, Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 85, 92–100, 106–14.
69
Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 773.
70
AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 21 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 41.
71
Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and the American Character, 1775–1783 (Chapel Hill, 1979), 87, 91.
72
AStuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900 (Cambridge, UK, 1989); Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1979), 295–322.
73
Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, enlarged ed. (Cambridge, MA, 1992), 321–79, рассматривает Конституцию как воплощение Революции, в которой практически не было социального конфликта. Начиная с J. Allen Smith, Spirit of American Government, a Study of the Constitution: Its Origin, Influence and Relation to Democracy (1907), и продолжая, вероятно, самой известной книгой по истории в American history, Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (1913), Прогрессивные и неопрогрессивные историки рассматривали Конституцию как недемократический документ, навязанный безвольному населению. Современные версии этой прогрессистской интерпретации см. Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: «The People», the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution (New York, 2007); and Woody Holton, Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution (New York, 2007).
74
Joseph Savage to Samuel Phillips Savage, 17 July 1787, Savage Family, MG 836, New Jersey Historical Society. (Этой ссылкой я обязан Брендану Макконвилу).
75
JM to GW, 16 April 1787, Madison: Writings, 81.
76
JM to GW, 16 April 1787, Madison: Writings, 81. О том, как Мэдисон преуменьшал значение исполнительной власти в правительствах штатов, см. JM to Caleb Wallace, 23 August 1785, ibid., 41–42.
77
JM, Federalist Nos. 57, 51.
78
JM, Federalist NO. 10.
79
JM, «Vices of the Political System», Madison: Writings, 79.
80
JM to GW, 16 April 1787, to Edmund Randolph, 8 April 1787, Papers of Madison, 9: 384, 370; JM, Federalist No. 10; John Zvesper, «The Madisonian Systems», Western Political Quarterly, 37 (1984), 244–47.
81
Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 175; Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 778.
82
TJ, «A Bill for a More General Diffusion of Knowledge» (1778), Papers of Jefferson, 2: 527.
83
Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 2: 278.
84
David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820 (Chapel Hill, 1997), 95.
85
Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761.
86
The Constitution, Article I, Section 8.
87
Joel Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders in the Several States of Europe (1792, 1795) (Ithaca, 1956), 17; Harry C. Payne, The Philosophes and the People (New Haven, 1976), 7–17; Fisher Ames, Dec. 1796, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1642.
88
Virginia Ratifying Convention, in John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino, eds., The Documentary History of the Constitution (Madison, WI, 1999), 9: 1044–45.
89
Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 778–79; AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 21 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 41; Young, Democratic Republicans of New York, 45.
90
Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes, 105.
91
BR to Elias Boudinot? Observations on the Federal Procession in Philadelphia, 9 July 1788, Letters of Rush, 1: 470–75.
92
Russell Blaine Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 30. For a fuller version of this argument, see Gordon S. Wood, «The American Enlightenment», in Gary L. McDowell and Jonathan O’Neill, eds., America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism (New York, 2006), 159–75.
93
JA, «Dissertation on the Feudal and Canon Law» (1765), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820 (New York, 1971), 29.
94
Address to the President, Dec. 1796, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1612, 1638, 1641–42.
95
Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution 1: 686.
96
Thomas Paine, «Letter to the Abbé Raynal», in Foner, ed., Writings of Paine, 2: 243–44.
97
Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 1: 765.
98
Liam Riordan, Many Identities, One Nation: The Revolution and Its Legacy in the Mid-Atlantic (Philadelphia, 2007).
99
Hector St. John Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer (New York, 1981), Letter III, 69.
100
Fisher Ames, «Falkland III», 10 Feb. 1801, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 1: 216.
101
Timothy Dwight, Greenfield Hill: A Poem in Seven Parts (New York, 1794), 168.
102
Paul A. Varg, «The Advent of Nationalism, 1758–1776», American Quarterly, 16 (1964), 169–81.
103
Dickinson, «Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania», Ford, ed., Writings of Dickinson, 326.
104
Claudia L. Bushman, America Discovers Columbus: How an Italian Explorer Became an American Hero (Hanover, NH, 1992), 41–51.
105
Alan David Aberbach, In Search of an American Identity: Samuel Latham Mitchill, Jeffersonian Nationalist (New York, 1988), 154–56; Joseph Jones, «Hail, Fredonia!» American Speech (1934), 12–17; Richard L. Merritt, Symbols of American Community, 1735–1775 (New Haven, 1966); T. H. Breen, «Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution: Revisions Once More in Need of Revising», JAH, 84 (1997), 13–39.
106
Address to the President, Dec. 1796, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1612, 1638, 1641–42.
107
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford, 1976) (Bk. V, ch. 1) 2: 689. The fullest account of the four-stage theory is Ronald L. Meek, Social Science and the Ignoble Savage (Cambridge, UK, 1976). О том, как американцы XVIII века применяли теорию четырех стадий к своему обществу, см. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill, 1980), 13–47.
108
Eric Slauter, «Neoclassical Culture in a Society with Slaves: Race and Rights in the Age of Wheatley», Early American Studies, 2 (2004), 99–100; John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, UK, 1960) (II, sect. 49), 301.
109
Steven J. Novak, The Rights of Youth: American Colleges and Student Revolt, 1798–1815 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 58.
110
Nathanael Emmons, The Dignity of Man. A Discourse Addressed to the Congregation in Franklin… (Providence, 1787), 33.
111
JA, Translation of Thomas Pownall’s Memorial (1780), Papers of Adams, 9: 199.
112
Macaulay to GW, June 1790, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 5: 573–75.
113
BF, «Information to Those Who Would Remove to America» (1784), Franklin: Writings, 975.
114
Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, Letter III, 67.
115
Noah Webster, Dissertations on the English Language (Boston, 1789), 288.
116
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), Jefferson: Writings, 290.
117
Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, 155; Joseph J. Ellis, After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture (New York, 1979), 14.
118
TJ to Martha Jefferson, 28 March 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 11: 251.
119
TJ to Lafayette, 11 April 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 11: 285.
120
Richard Price to BF, 17 Sept. 1787, Papers of Franklin, unpublished.
121
Larry E. Tise, The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800 (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 35, 37.
122
David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution (1789), ed. Lester H. Cohen (Indianapolis, 1990), 2: 630.
123
Edward T. Martin, Thomas Jefferson: Scientist (New York, 1952), 54.
124
Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 127, 613; Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, 166.
125
Evarts B. Greene, The Revolutionary Generation, 1763–1790 (New York, 1943), 80.
126
Richard L. Bushman, «American High Style and Vernacular Cultures», Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Baltimore, 1984), 371–72.
127
Witherspoon, «The Druid, No. V», Works of John Witherspoon, 2d ed. (Philadelphia, 1802), 4: 417.
128
JA, 1780, in Adams, ed., Works, 8: 249–51, цитируется по Dennis E. Baron, Grammar and Good Taste: Reforming the American Language (New Haven, 1982), 17. См. Paul K. Longmore, «‘They… Speak Better English than the English Do’: Colonialism and the Origins of Linguistic Standardization in America», Early American Literature 40 (2005), 279–314.
129
Webster, Dissertations on the English Language, 21, 36, 288. См. Michael P. Kramer, Imagining Language in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1992).
130
Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, 152.
131
Greene, The Revolutionary Generation, 418; Colin Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 13–14; Alan D. McKillop, «Local Attachment and Cosmopolitanism — The Eighteenth-Century Pattern», in Frederick W. Hilles and Harold Bloom, eds., From Sensibility to Romanticism: Essays Presented to Frederick A. Pottle (Oxford, UK, 1965), 197.
132
David Ramsay to John Eliot, 11 Aug. 1792, in Robert L. Brunhouse, ed., David Ramsay, 1749–1815: Selections from His Writings, American Philosophical Society, Trans., n.s. 55, pt. 4 (1965), 133.
133
Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, Letter III, 80.
134
Donald J. D’Elia, «Dr. Benjamin Rush and the American Medical Revolution», American Philosophical Society, Proc., 110 (1966), 100.
135
Catherine L. Albanese, Sons of the Fathers: The Civil Religion of the American Revolution (Philadelphia, 1976), 129–30; J. M. Roberts, The Mythology of the Secret Societies (St. Albans, UK, 1974), 37; Conrad E. Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston, 1992); Steven C. Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the Transformation of the American Social Order, 1730–1840 (Chapel Hill, 1996).
136
Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, 139.
137
Charles Brockwell, Brotherly Love Recommended in a Sermon Preached Before the Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons in Christ-Church, Boston (Boston, 1750), 14.
138
Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, 148.
139
Ann Lipson, Freemasonry in Federalist Connecticut, 1789–1832 (Princeton, 1977), 40; Josiah Bartlett, A Discourse on the Origin, Progress and Design of Free Masonry (Boston, 1793), 15; ДеВитт Клинтон, цитируется по Steven C. Bullock, «A Pure and Sublime System: The Appeal of Post-Revolutionary Freemasonry», JER, 9 (1989), 371.
140
Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, 109–33.
141
John Andrews, A Sermon on the Importance of Mutual Kindness (Philadelphia, 1790), 20.
142
Charlene Bangs Bickford and Kenneth R. Bowling, Birth of the Nation: The First Federal Congress, 1789–1791 (New York, 1989), 6.
143
GW to Benjamin Lincoln, 28 Aug. 1788, George Washington: A Collection, ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1988), 415.
144
Jack P. Greene, Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History (Charlottesville, 1994), 5.
145
«Agrippa Letters», in Paul L. Ford., ed., Essays on the Constitution of the United States (Brooklyn, 1892), 64–65.
146
William Strickland, Journal of a Tour in the United States of America, 1794–1795, ed. Rev. J. E. Strickland (New York, 1971), 53. (Этой цитатой я обязан Брендану Макконвилу).
147
Benjamin Tappan to Henry Knox, April 1787, in Henry Knox Papers, Mass. Historical Society. (I owe this reference to Brendan McConville.) For the colonists’ strong attraction to monarchy, see Brendan McConville, The King’s Three Faces: The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688–1776 (Chapel Hill, 2006).
148
Br, «To —: Information to Europeans Who Are Disposed to Migrate to the United States», 16 April 1790, Letters of Rush, 2: 556.
149
Linda K. Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, 1970), 1–22. Вашингтон заявил, что «эпоха Августа известна своей интеллектуальной утонченностью и элегантностью», но он никогда не предполагал, что она имела какое-либо антиреспубликанское политическое значение. GW to Lafayette, 28 May 1788, Washington: Writings, 681.
150
Samuel Osgood to Elbridge Gerry, 19 Feb. 1789, in Merrill Jensen and Robert A. Becker, eds., The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Madison, WI, 1976–), 1: 657; JM to TJ, 30 June 1789, Republic of Letters, 618.
151
Thomas E. V. Smith, The City of New York in the Year of Washington’s Inauguration, 1789 (New York, 1889; Riverside, CT, 1972), 194, 102.
152
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (NEW YORK, 1999), 301.
153
Kenneth Roberts and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. MÉry’s American Journey (1793–1798) (Garden City, NY, 1947), 146; David T. Gilchrist et al., eds., The Growth of the Seaport Cities, 1790–1825 (Charlottesville, 1967), 33.
154
К началу 1790-х годов большинство из первоначальных тринадцати штатов выбрали метод выборов, который они продолжали использовать до 1842 года, когда Конгресс принял закон, требующий проведения выборов в округах. В 1791 году Пенсильвания присоединилась к числу штатов, избирающих по округам. См. Rosemarie Zagarri, The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850 (Ithaca, 1987), 105–24.
155
Baltimore Maryland Journal, 14 Nov. 1788, in Jensen and Becker, eds., Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 2: 125.
156
GW to Lafayette, 29 Jan. 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 1: 262.
157
Jack N. Rakove, «The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George Washington», in Richard Beeman et al., eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill, 1987), 286–87.
158
Raymond W. Smock, «The Institutional Development of the House of Representatives, 1789–1801», in Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon, eds., The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development (Athens, OH, 2002), 326.
159
Gordon S. Wood, «The Democratization of Mind in the American Revolution», in Leadership in the American Revolution: Library of Congress Symposia on the American revolution (Washington, DC, 1974), 78.
160
Winifred E. A. Bernhard, Fisher Ames: Federalist and Statesmen, 1758–1808 (Chapel Hill, 1965), 75, 104.
161
William C. Digiacomantonio, «Petitioners and their Grievances: A View from the First Congress»; Richard R. John and Christopher J. Young, «Rites of Passage: Postal Petitioning as a Tool of Governance in the Age of Federalism»; and Jeffrey L. Pasley, «Private Access and Public Power: Gentility and Lobbying in the Early Congress», all in Bowling and Kennon, eds., House and Senate in the 1790s, 31, 100–109, 62–63.
162
Rakove, «Structure of Politics», in Beeman et al., eds., Beyond Confederation, 291.
163
Ralph V. Harlow, The History of Legislative Methods in the Period Before 1825 (New Haven, 1917), 127.
164
Ames to Thomas Dwight, June 11, 1789, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 1: 642.
165
Ames to Minot, July 8, 1789, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 1: 683.
166
JM to Edmund Randolph, 31 May 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 190.
167
During a Single two-year Congress today, the House may hold as many as 4, 500 committee meetings.
168
Annals of Congress, 1st Congress, 1st session (13 May 1789), I, 352.
169
Ames to George Richards Minot, 3 May 1789, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 1: 569.
170
Richard Labunski, James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights (New York, 2006), 145.
171
Editorial Note, Papers of Madison, 12: 54.
172
The Diary of William Maclay and other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 253.
173
Diary of Maclay, 5–6, 27, 28, 37.
174
Diary of Maclay, 5–6.
175
Diary of Maclay, 11.
176
Современных свидетельств того, что в конце клятвы он также произнес «да поможет мне Бог», не существует; этот вопрос сегодня вызывает много споров. См. Forrest Church, So Help Me God: The Founding Fathers and the First Great Battle over Church and State (New York, 2007), 445–49. Поскольку Акт о судоустройстве 1789 года провозгласил, что присяга, которую должны приносить судьи Верховного суда и другие федеральные судьи, включает фразу «Да поможет мне Бог», вполне вероятно, что Вашингтон также использовал эту фразу. (1 Cong. Ch. 20, 1 Stat. 73, Sec. 8). Этой информацией я обязан Стивену Г. Калабреси.
177
Diary of Maclay, 13; Editorial Note, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 2: 155; Smith, City of New York in the Year of Washington’s Inauguration, 230.
178
GW to Knox, 1 April 1789, Washington: Writings, 726.
179
GW, First Inaugural Address, 30 April 1789, Washington: Writings, 733.
180
Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 539.
181
John Bach McMaster and Frederick D. Stone, eds., Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787–1788 (Philadelphia, 1888), 143–44, 313–16.
182
Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 540–41.
183
TJ to John Jay, 23 May 1788, to JM, 20 Dec. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 13: 190; 12: 440.
184
JM to TJ, 17 Oct. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 18.
185
TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 13 March 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 650.
186
JM to TJ, 24 July 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 13: 412, 414.
187
Robert Allen Rutland, The Birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776–1791, rev. ed. (Boston, 1983), 159–89.
188
On the Origins of the Bill of Rights, См. Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminiski, eds., The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties (Madison, WI, 1991); and Gordon S. Wood, «The Origins of the Bill of Rights», American Antiquarian Society, Proc, 101 (1992), 255–74.
189
JM to TJ, 17 Oct. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 18.
190
JM, «To a Resident of Spotsylvania County», 27 Jan. 1789, Papers of Madison, 11: 428–29.
191
JM to Richard Peters, 19 Aug. 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 347.
192
JM to Edmund Randolph, 15 June 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 219.
193
JM to Richard Peters, 19 Aug. 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 347.
194
JM, June 1789, in Helen E. Veit et al., eds., Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore, 1991), 66–68, 77–86.
195
JM, June 1789, in Veit et al., eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 188.
196
Одна из предложенных Мэдисоном поправок, требующая проведения выборов в Палату представителей, прежде чем Конгресс сможет повышать свои зарплаты, была ратифицирована необходимым количеством штатов в 1992 году и в том же году стала статьей XXVII Конституции.
197
Вплоть до двадцатого века Билль о правах распространялся только на федеральное правительство, и эта позиция была поддержана Верховным судом в деле Barron v. City of Baltimore (1833). Только в первой половине двадцатого века Верховный суд утверждал, что Четырнадцатая поправка (1868) включает в себя Первую поправку и другие поправки к Биллю о правах. О доктрине инкорпорации см. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstitution (New Haven, 1998), 215–30.
198
«Symposium on the Second Amendment: Fresh Looks», ed. Carl T. Bogus, Chicago-Kent Law Review, 76 (2000), 60–715; Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America (New York, 2006); Mark V. Tushnet, Out of Range: Why the Constitution Can’t End the Battle over Guns (New York, 2007).
199
Leonard W. Levy, Origins of the Bill of Rights (New Haven, 1999), 157.
200
Mason, 16 June 1788, in John P. Kaminiski and Gaspare J. Saladino, eds., The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution (Madison, WI, 1976–), 10: 1326, 1328.
201
John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 24.
202
William Grayson to Patrick Henry, 29 Sept. 1789, and Thomas Tudor Tucker to St. George Tucker, 2 Oct. 1789, in Veit et al., eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 300.
203
Grayson to Henry, 12 June 1789, in William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches (New York, 1891), 3: 391.
204
Thomas Hartley to Jasper Yeates, 16 Aug. 1789, and John Brown to William Irvine, 17 Aug. 1789, in Veit et al., eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 279.
205
This is the theme of Conley and Kaminiski, eds., Bill of Rights and the States.
206
Действительно, ни в одном из штатов в 1787 году не было исполнительной власти с четырехлетним сроком; десять руководителей избирались ежегодно, большинство из них — законодательным собранием, и только губернатор Массачусетса обладал правом вето, аналогичным тому, которым был наделен новый федеральный президент.
207
Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 1: 65, 119; 2: 513. Статья II настолько расплывчата, что некоторые федералисты, похоже, полагали, что президент унаследовал все прерогативные полномочия, которыми обладала английская корона, за исключением тех, которые, например, чеканка денег, учреждение почтовых отделений, создание судов и объявление войны, были специально предоставлены Конгрессу в разделе 8 статьи I Конституции.
208
Pierce Butler to Weedon Butler, 5 May 1788, in Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention, 3: 302.
209
Thornton Anderson, Creating the Constitution: The Convention of 1787 and the First Congress (University Park, PA, 1993), 168.
210
TJ to David Humphreys, 18 March 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 679; James Wilson, «Lectures on Law» (1790–1791), in The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 1: 288.
211
Anderson, Creating the Constitution, 130–31.
212
Louise Burnham Dunbar, A Study of «Monarchical» Tendencies in the United States from 1776 to 1801 (1922; New York, 1970), 127.
213
William Strickland, Journal of a Tour in the United States of America, 1794–1795, ed. Rev. J. E. Strickland (New York, 1971), 53.
214
Dunbar, Study of «Monarchical» Tendencies in the United States, 99–100.
215
Anderson, Creating the Constitution, 132.
216
James McHenry to GW, 29 March 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 1: 461; Winifred E. A. Bernard, Fisher Ames: Federalist and Statesman, 1758–1808 (Chapel Hill, 1965), 92.
217
David W. Robson, Educating Republicans: The College in the Era of the American Revolution, 1758–1800 (Westport, CT, 1985), 149; Smith, City of New York in the Year of Washington’s Inauguration, 217–19.
218
GW, Draft of First Inaugural Address, c. Jan. 1789, Washington: Writings, 702–16.
219
Конгресс решил, что независимо от того, хочет Вашингтон жалованья или нет, он должен принять его — 25 000 долларов, из которых он должен оплачивать все свои расходы. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789–1801 (Chicago, 1997), 33.
220
AH to GW, 5 May 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 335–37.
221
Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History (New York, 1948), 108.
222
Diary of Maclay, 182, 212.
223
Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 45–46; David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820 (Chapel Hill, 1997), 120–22; Barry Schwartz, George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol (New York, 1987), 53–54; Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 301.
224
GW to JM, 30 March 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 1: 464–65; JA to Rush, 21 June 1811, Spur of Fame, 181.
225
GW to Philip Schuyler, 24 Dec. 1775, W.W. Abbot et al., eds., The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series, 2: 599–600 (Charlottesville, 1985–); GW to JM, 3 Dec. 1784, Papers of Madison, 12: 478; GW to John Hancock, 24 Sept. 1776, Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 6: 107–8.
226
Don Higginbotham, George Washington: Uniting a Nation (Latham, MD, 2001), 62, drawing on the work of David Shields and Fredrika Teute.
227
Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789–1800 (Lexington, KY, 1968), 27–28.
228
Joseph J. Ellis, His Excellency, George Washington (New York, 2004), 195–96; Editorial Note, Papers of Washington: Presidential. Ser., 8: 73–74.
229
C. M. Harris, «Washington’s Gamble, L’Enfant’s Dream: Politics, Design, and the Founding of the National Capital», WMQ, 56 (1999), 527–64.
230
Kenneth R. Bowling, «A Capital Before a Capitol: Republican Visions», in Donald R. Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic (Charlottesville, 1999), 45, 46.
231
Pierre L’Enfant to GW, 11 Sept. 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 4: 15–17.
232
GW to the Commissioners for the Federal District, 7 May 1791, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 8: 159.
233
Harris, «Washington’s Gamble, L’Enfant’s Dream», 542–43, 557; Neil Harris, The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790–1860 (New York, 1966), 16–17, 42.
234
Kenneth R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Idea and Location of the American Capital (Fairfax, VA, 1991); Bowling, «A Capital Before a Capitol», in Kennon, ed., Republic for the Ages, 54; Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Rights of Man (Boston, 1951), 372.
235
Diary of Maclay, 21; Schwartz, Washington: The Making of an American Symbol, 62.
236
Diary of Maclay, 21.
237
GW to David Stuart, 26 July 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 3: 322.
238
Diary of Maclay, 70.
239
Schwartz, Washington: The Making of an American Symbol, 62–63.
240
Abraham Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 1783–1793 (Boston, 1970), 3: 201.
241
White, Federalists, 108 n; JA to GW, 17 May 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 2: 314.
242
John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (New York, 1992), 304.
243
Page Smith, John Adams (Garden City, NY, 1962), 2: 755.
244
Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 586.
245
Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York, 1971), 285; Smith, John Adams, 2: 755.
246
О том, что происходило в Сенате, мы знаем только благодаря замечательному дневнику, который вел заклятый враг Адамса, аграрный республиканец из западной Пенсильвании, сенатор Уильям Маклей, о дебатах в Сенате в течение первых двух лет работы Конгресса. Современное издание см. The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988).
247
Diary of Maclay, 16–17.
248
Smith, John Adams, 2: 755.
249
Max Farrand, The Framing of the Constitution of the United States (New Haven, 1913), 163.
250
Diary of Maclay, 29.
251
TJ to JM, 29 July 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 15: 316.
252
JM to TJ, 23 May 1789, Republic of Letters, 612.
253
David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789–1801 (Chicago, 1997), 35.
254
JM to TJ, 9 May 1789, Republic of Letters, 607.
255
Annals of Congress, 1st Congress, 1st session, 1: 363.
256
Glenn A. Phelps, George Washington and American Constitutionalism (Lawrence, KS, 1993), 128.
257
GW to Lafayette, 29 Jan. 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 1: 263.
258
Forrest McDonald, The American Presidency: An Intellectual History (Lawrence, KS, 1994), 226.
259
Robert P. Williams, ed., The First Congress, March 4, 1789–March 3, 1791: A Compilation of Significant Debates (New York, 1970), 193.
260
James Hart, The American Presidency in Action, 1789: A Study in Constitutional History (New York, 1948), 178–84.
261
White, Federalists, 20–25; Diary of Maclay, 111, 113–14.
262
Williams, ed., First Congress, 216–17.
263
Об истории и значении права отстранения президента от должности см. Steven G. Calabresi and Christopher S. Yoo, The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush (New Haven, 2008).
264
GW to JM, 5 May 1789, GW to JA, 10 May 1789, Papers of Washington, 2: 216–17, 246–47.
265
Phelps, Washington and American Constitutionalism, 122, 169.
266
Diary of Maclay, 130; Phelps, Washington and American Constitutionalism, 170; Editorial Note, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 3: 526–27.
267
Hamilton was born in 1755, but he apparently believed that he was born in 1757, which would have made him think he was even more precocious than he was.
268
Hugh Knox to AH, 28 July 1784, Papers of Hamilton, 3: 573.
269
Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (New York, 1982; rev. ed., New York, 2005), 587.
270
AH, Speech in New York Ratifying Convention, 28 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 118.
271
White, Federalists, 117; Jacob E. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1982), 73; AH to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 11: 442.
272
Freeman W. Meyer, «A Note on the Origins of the ‘Hamiltonian’ System», WMQ, 21 (1964), 579–88.
273
Diary of Maclay, 377.
274
Rose, Prologue to Democracy, 29; White, Federalists, 123.
275
Roberts and Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 135–36.
276
Notes from Gouverneur Morris’s Diary, 11 July 1804, Papers of Hamilton, 26: 324 n.
277
Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention, 1: 288.
278
John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783 (New York, 1989), xix.
279
The fullest description of these «Country-opposition» ideas can be found in Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1967).
280
Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York, 1993), 2: 768.
281
On Hamilton’s «financial revolution», see Richard Sylla, «The Transition to a Monetary Union in the United States, 1787–1795», Financial History Review, 13 (2006), 73–95.
282
Jacob E. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1982), 75.
283
Edwin J. Perkins, American Public Finance and Financial Services, 1700–1815 (Columbus, OH, 1994), 221.
284
Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist (Chicago, 1981), 5: 84–85.
285
Max M. Edling and Mark D. Kaplanoff, «Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform: Transforming the Structure of Taxation in the Early Republic», WMQ, 61 (2004), 712–44.
286
Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History (New York, 1948), 404n; GW, Plan of American Finance, c. Oct 1789, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 30: 454.
287
Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1957), 69.
288
Hammond, Banks and Politics, 66.
289
Hammond, Banks and Politics, 126–27; Fisher Ames to AH, 31 July 1791, AH to William Seton, 25 Nov. 1791, Papers of Hamilton, 8: 590–91; 9: 538–39.
290
Hammond, Banks and Politics, 126.
291
Hammond, Banks and Politics, 188, 196, 189. О видении Гамильтона см. Robert E. Wright, The First Wall Street: Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, and the Birth of American Finance (Chicago, 2005), 66–85.
292
Cooke, Hamilton, 98.
293
«A Citizen of the United States», Observations on the Agriculture, Manufactures and Commerce of the United States (New York, 1789), 18–19. Хотя этот памфлет долгое время приписывали Тенчу Коксу, его авторитетный биограф Джейкоб Э. Кук считает это ошибочным; по его мнению, автор был жителем Новой Англии. Jacob E. Cooke, Tench Coxe and the Early Republic (Chapel Hill, 1978), 150n.
294
GW, First Annual Message to Congress, 8 Jan. 1790, Washington: Writings, 750, 749.
295
AH, Report on the Subject of Manufactures, 5 Dec. 1791, Papers of Hamilton, 10: 298.
296
Edling and Kaplanoff, «Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform», 740.
297
John R. Nelson Jr., Liberty and Property: Political Economy and Policymaking in the New Nation, 1789–1812 (Baltimore, 1987), 37–48; John E. Crowley, The Privileges of Independence: Neomercantilism and the American Revolution (Baltimore, 1993), 146–55.
298
Edling and Kaplanoff, «Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform», 743–44.
299
AH to GW, 15 Sept. 1790, Papers of Hamilton, 70: 50; GW to Henry Knox, 28 Feb. 1785, цитируется по John Lauritz Larson, «‘Wisdom Enough to Improve Them’: Navigation Projects and the Rising American Empire», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the ‘Extended Republic’: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 235.
300
AH, Federalist No. 35.
301
James M. Banner Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970), 57.
302
Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), 73; Perez Forbes, «An Election Sermon» (1795), in Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, eds., American Political Writing During the Founding Era (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 993; Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 76.
303
AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 25 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 85; AH, «The Defence of the Funding System» (July 1795), Papers of Hamilton, 13: 349.
304
Roger V. Gould, «Patron-Client Ties, State Centralization, and the Whiskey Rebellion», American Journal of Sociology, 102 (1996), 401.
305
AH, «Continentalist», VI, 4 July 1782, Papers of Hamilton, 3: 105–6.
306
White, Federalists, 117; Cooke, Hamilton, 73.
307
Carl E. Prince, The Federalists and the Origins of the U.S. Civil Service (New York, 1977), 271.
308
Andrew R. L. Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State: The Washington Administration and the Origins of Regionalism in the Trans-Appalachian West», JAH, 79 (1992–1993), 50–51; Prince, Origins of the Civil Service, 269–70.
309
GW to John Sullivan, 1 Sept. 1788, in Fitzpatrick, ed. Writings of Washington, 30: 86.
310
The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 316, 200.
311
GW to Edward Rutledge, 5 May 1789, in Washington: Writings, 735–36.
312
Gould, «Patron-Client Ties», American Journal of Sociology, 102 (1996), 400–429.
313
Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789–1800 (Lexington, KY, 1968), 27.
314
Федералистское использование патронажа напоминало, но сильно отличалось от более поздней джексоновской «системы награбленного», которая стала доминировать на политических должностях в Америке середины девятнадцатого века. Большинство джексоновских чиновников не были социально заметными и респектабельными людьми; более того, большинство из них были именно теми обычными людьми среднего достатка, которых игнорировали федералисты. Для джексонианцев критерием назначения была не семья, не общественное положение, не способности, не характер и не репутация, а связь с джексонианской Демократической партией. Больше ничего не требовалось. «Обязанности всех государственных должностей, — заявил президент Эндрю Джексон в своем первом ежегодном послании, — настолько просты и понятны, что люди с хорошим интеллектом могут без труда подготовиться к их выполнению». Политические должности больше не должны были быть «разновидностью собственности», принадлежащей видным джентльменам только в силу их социального положения или характера. Джексон, Первое ежегодное послание, 8 декабря 1829 г., в James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897 (Washington, DC, 1900), 2: 449; Lynn Marshall, «The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party», AHR, 72 (1972), 452.
315
GW to Henry Lee, 31 Oct. 1786, Washington: Writings, 609.
316
James Hudson, ed., Supplement to the Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1987), 229; Max Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 1: 246.
317
Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York, 1975), 76, 88.
318
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 171.
319
Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775–1865 (Boston, 1968), 183.
320
Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 195.
321
Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825 (Kent, OH, 1986), 23; TJ to JM, 20 June 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 11: 481.
322
AH to Arthur St. Clair, 19 May 1790, Papers of Hamilton, 6: 421.
323
GW to Duane, 7 Sept. 1783, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 27: 140.
324
Eric Hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Construction Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673–1800 (Cambridge, UK, 1997), 193, 194; National Gazette, I (November 1791), in Eugene L. Schwaab, ed., Travels in the Old South (Lexington, KY, 1973), 1: 58.
325
Reginald Horsman, The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783–1815 (Albuquerque, 1975), 5–6.
326
John Stilgoe, Common Landscape of America, 1580 to 1845 (New Haven, 1982), 102–3.
327
GW to James Duane, 7 Sept. 1783, Washington: Writings, 536–38.
328
Cayton, Frontier Republic, 23; Kenneth R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Idea and Location of the American Capital (Fairfax, VA, 1991), 11.
329
Tamara Platkins Thornton, Cultivating Gentlemen: The Meaning of Country Life Among the Boston Elite, 1785–1860 (New Haven, 1989), 15–56.
330
H. E. Scudder, ed., Recollections of Samuel Breck (Philadelphia, 1877), 203; Diary of Maclay, 48, 73–74, 134.
331
Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995), 101.
332
Alan Taylor, «Land and Liberty on the Post-Revolutionary Frontier», in David Thomas Konig, ed., Devising Liberty: Preserving and Creating Freedom in the New American Republic (Stanford, 1995), 89.
333
Timothy J. Shannon, «‘This Unpleasant Business’: The Transformation of Land Speculation in the Ohio Country, 1787–1820», in Jeffery P. Brown and Andrew R. L. Cayton, eds., The Pursuit of Public Power: Political Culture in Ohio, 1787–1861 (Kent, OH, 1994), 23; Horsman, Frontier in the Formative Years, 42.
334
Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 (Cambridge, UK, 1991), 419; Robert Kagen, Dangerous Nation (New York, 2006), 74.
335
Cayton, Frontier Republic, 25.
336
Hinderaker, Elusive Empires, 231; Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987), 58–66.
337
Оценки численности индейцев, как известно, нелегки. В 1789 году военный министр Нокс подсчитал, что на Западе было 19 000 индейских воинов, из них 14 000 к югу и 5000 к северу от Огайо. По его подсчетам, на каждого воина приходилось по три женщины, ребенка и пожилых человека, таким образом, общая численность составляла 76 000 человек. Его оценка невоинов может быть слишком низкой. Knox to GW, 15 June 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 2: 494.
338
Peter Wood, «From Atlantic History to a Continental Approach», in Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal (New York, 2009), 422.
339
Alan Taylor, The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution (New York, 2006).
340
См. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 92.
341
Taylor, «Land and Liberty on the Post-Revolutionary Frontier», in Konig, ed., Devising Liberty, 81–108; Theda Perdue, «Native Women in the Early Republic: Old World Perceptions, New World Realities», and Daniel H. Unser Jr., «Iroquois Livelihood and Jeffersonian Agrarianism: Reaching Behind the Models and Metaphors», in Frederick E. Hoxie et al., eds., Native Americans and the Early Republic (Charlottesville, 1999), 103–22, 200–225; Lucy Eldersveld Murphy, «To Live Among Us: Accommodation, Gender, and Conflict in the Western Great Lakes Region, 1760–1832», in Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, eds., Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750–1830 (Chapel Hill, 1998), 270–303.
342
Perdue, «Native Women in the Early Republic», in Hoxie et al., eds., Native Americans and the Early Republic, 115–19.
343
White, Middle Ground, 408.
344
Bernard W. Sheehan, «The Indian Problem in the Northwest: From Conquest to Philanthropy», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the ‘Extended Republic,’ 191.
345
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 94.
346
Knox to GW, 15 June 1789, Papers of Washington, Presidential Ser., 2: 491.
347
Knox to Washington, 7 July 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 3: 134–41.
348
Knox to Washington, 7 July 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 3: 134–41.
349
Knox to the Northwestern Indians, 4 Apr. 1792, in Reginald Horsman, «The Indian Policy of an ‘Empire for Liberty’», in Hoxie et al., eds., Native Americans and the Early Republic, 45–46; Taylor, Divided Ground, 278, 240.
350
Washington to the U.S. Senate, 4 Aug. 1790, Proclamation, 14 Aug. 1790, Papers of Washington, Presidential Ser., 6: 188–96, 248–54; Joseph J. Ellis, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic (New York, 2007), 149–56.
351
Andrew R. L. Cayton, «‘Noble Actors’ upon ‘the Theatre of Honour’: Power and Civility in the Treaty of Greenville», in Cayton and Teute, eds., Contact Points, 254–55; Taylor, Divided Ground, 259.
352
Horsman, Frontier in the Formative Years, 45.
353
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 125.
354
Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State», 156.
355
R. Douglas Hurt, The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830 (Bloomington, IN, 1996), 139; Richard White, «The Fictions of Patriarchy: Indians and Whites in the Early Republic», in Hoxie et al., eds., Native Americans and the Early Republic, 82–83; Cayton, «‘Noble Actors’ upon ‘the Theatre of Honour’», in Cayton and Teute, eds., Contact Points, 255–69.
356
Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State», 53–54; Hinderaker, Elusive Empires, 244.
357
Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars (New York, 2001), 33; Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State», 61–65.
358
Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State», 53.
359
Terry Bouton, «A Road Closed: Rural Insurgency in Post-Independence Pennsylvania», JAH, 87 (2000), 855–87; Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: «The People», the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution (New York, 2007); Alan Taylor, Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760–1820 (Chapel Hill, 1990).
360
Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (New York, 1986), 98. См. also William Hogeland, The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America’s Newfound Sovereignty (New York, 2006).
361
Leland D. Baldwin, Whiskey Rebels: The Story of a Frontier Uprising (Pittsburgh, 1939), 68.
362
Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 133–34, 135.
363
Mary K. B. Tachau, Federal Courts in the Early Republic: Kentucky, 1789–1816 (Princeton, 1978), 70–71.
364
Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 121.
365
Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 177; AH to GW, 5 Aug 1794, Papers of Hamilton, 17: 52.
366
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 159.
367
John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 158; GW, Sixth Annual Address to Congress, 19 Nov. 1794, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 34: 28–30.
368
Miller, Federalist Era, 159; TJ to James Monroe, 26 May 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 359.
369
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 170; AH to Angelica Church, 23 Oct. 1794, Papers of Hamilton, 17: 340.
370
JM to James Monroe, 4 Dec. 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 405–7; Baldwin, Whiskey Rebellion, 112.
371
GW, Sixth Annual Message to Congress, 19 Nov. 1794, Washington: Writings, 893, 888.
372
Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840 (Berkeley, 1969).
373
Stuart Leibiger, Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison, and the Creation of the American Republic (Charlottesville, 1999).
374
JM to AH, 19 Nov. 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 525–26.
375
Kenneth R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Idea and Location of the American Capital (Fairfax, VA, 1991), 143.
376
Bowling, Creation of Washington, D.C., 8.
377
George Mason to TJ, 10 Jan 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 18: 484; Bowling, Creation of Washington, D.C., 206.
378
James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 37.
379
The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 347.
380
AH, «Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank», 23Feb. 1791, Papers of Hamilton, 7: 98.
381
Virginia Resolutions on the Assumption of State Debts, 16 Dec. 1790, Henry Steele Commager, ed., Documents in American History, 4th ed. (New York, 1948), 155–56; Harry Ammon, «The Formation of the Republican Party in Virginia, 1798–1796», Journal of Southern History, 19 (1953), 292.
382
AH to John Jay, 13 Nov. 1790, Papers of Hamilton, 7: 149.
383
Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 234; JM to TJ, 1 May 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 20: 337.
384
TJ to Jonathan B. Smith, 26 Apr. 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 20: 290. Обо всей этой истории, связанной с несанкционированной публикацией записки Джефферсона, см. Julian Boyd’s editorial discussion, «Rights of Man: The Contest of Burke and Paine… in America», Papers of Jefferson, 20: 268–90.
385
TJ, Notes of a Conversation with AH, 13 Aug. 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 22: 38–39. On the Hudson Valley trip, see Boyd’s editorial note, «The Northern Journey of Jefferson and Madison», Papers of Jefferson, 20: 434–53.
386
Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (New York, 1964).
387
Introduction, Republic of Letters, 1–2.
388
Прекрасное обсуждение различий между этими двумя мужчинами см. Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 45–64.
389
TJ to Abigail Adams, 22 Feb. 1787, Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 1: 173.
390
TJ to JM, 16Dec. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 603.
391
N. P. Trist, Memoranda, 27 Sept. 1834, in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 3: 534; Michael Schwarz, «The Great Divergence Reconsidered: Hamilton, Madison, and U.S.-British Relations, 1783–89», JER, 27 (2007), 407–36. Для радикальных вигов слово «администрация» было тяжелым; оно означало активное осуществление прерогативных полномочий короля или исполнительной власти.
392
JM to TJ, 5Oct. 1794, Republic of Letters, 857.
393
TJ to JM, 4Feb. 1790, Papers of Jefferson, 16: 131–34.
394
Gordon S. Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York, 2006), 110.
395
TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., 15 May 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 20: 416.
396
Об этом см. Julian Boyd’s editorial note, «Jefferson, Freneau, and the Founding of the National Gazette», Papers of Jefferson, 20: 718–53.
397
National Gazette, 20 Feb. 1792.
398
Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, 1978), 126–78.
399
TJ’s Memoranda of Conversations with the President, 1 Mar. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 23: 184–87.
400
Bruce H. Mann, Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 202, 194, 195.
401
TJ to Henry Remsen, 14 Apr. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 23: 426.
402
AH to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 11: 429.
403
AH to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 11: 426–45.
404
TJ to GW, 23 May 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 23: 535–40.
405
AH to GW, 18 Aug. 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 228–58.
406
Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 2004), 390.
407
GW to TJ, 23 Aug. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 24: 317; GW to AH, 26 Aug. 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 276–77.
408
Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Rights of Man (Boston, 1951), 463–64, 477, 473.
409
AH to GW, 9 Sept. 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 348–49.
410
TJ to GW, 9 Sept. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 24: 351–59.
411
S.W. Jackman, «A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–1793», WMQ, 18 (1961), 93.
412
TJ, Notes of a Conversation with GW, 1 Oct. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 24: 434.
413
AH to GW, 30 July 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 137–38.
414
Milton Halsey Thomas, ed., Elias Boudinot’s Journey to Boston in 1809 (Princeton, 1955), 61 n.
415
AH to John Steele, 15 Oct. 1792, AH to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 10 Oct. 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 568–69, 544.
416
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 58.
417
Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 8; Joanne B. Freeman, «Slander, Poison, Whispers, and Fame: Jefferson’s ‘Anas’ and Political Gossip in the Early Republic», JER, 15 (1995), 25–57, quotation at 29.
418
Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 69.
419
Jay to AH, 26 Nov. 1793, Papers of Hamilton, 15: 412–13.
420
Noble E. Cunningham, The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801 (Chapel Hill, 1957), 250.
421
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 67.
422
TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 13 March 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 650.
423
JM, «A Candid State of Parties», 26 Sept. 1792, Madison: Writings, 530–32.
424
David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 51.
425
Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York, 1975), 198.
426
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 64.
427
TJ to William Branch Giles, 31 Dec. 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 566.
428
John F. Hoadley, «The Emergence of Political Parties in Congress, 1789–1803», American Political Science Review, 74 (1980), 757–79.
429
Matthew Schoenbacher, «Republicanism in the Age of the Democratic Revolution: The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s», JER, 18 (1998), 237–62; Albrecht Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together»: Associations, Partisanship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840 (Charlottesville, 2007), 22–40.
430
Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together», 31–32.
431
Eugene Perry Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800 (New York, 1942), 133.
432
Richard Labunski, James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights (New York, 2006), 291–92.
433
Carville Earle and Ronald Hoffman, «Urban Development in the Eighteenth-Century South», Perspectives in American History, 10 (1976), 67.
434
John Richard Alden, The First South (Baton Rouge, 1961), 9.
435
Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 97n.
436
Carl Bridenbaugh, Seat of Empire: The Political Role of Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg (Williamsburg, 1950), 10; Higginson to JA, 8Aug. 1785, in J. Franklin Jameson, ed., «Letters of Stephen Higginson, 1783–1804», American Historical Association, Annual Report for 1896 (Washington, DC, 1897), 1: 728.
437
TJ to Marquis de Chastellux, 2 Sept. 1785, Jefferson: Writings, 826–27.
438
See, for examples, Joseph J. Ellis, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic (New York, 2007), 163–204; Robin L. Einhorn, American Taxation, American Slavery (Chicago, 2006), 151–55, 184–99, 251–55.
439
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 164–65.
440
Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 72–90.
441
Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto: Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 53.
442
TJ to JM, 13 May 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 26.
443
Два года спустя, в 1795 году, Джефферсон все же попытался объяснить, как «ничтожное» членство в партии федералистов, или «антиреспубликанской партии», как он ее называл, могло иметь «видимость силы и численности». Федералисты, по его словам, «все живут в городах вместе и могут действовать сообща и в любое время; они дают основную работу газетам и поэтому контролируют большинство из них». Хотя республиканцы превосходили федералистов числом пятьсот человек к одному, Джефферсон считал, что «сельскохозяйственные интересы рассеяны по огромной территории страны, имеют мало средств связи друг с другом» и уязвимы для единства федералистов. TJ, «Notes on the Letter of Christopher Daniel Ebeling», после 15 октября 1795 г., Jefferson Papers, 28: 509.
444
Roland M. Baumann, «John Swanwick», Pa. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 97 (1973), 131–82, quotation at 142; Richard G. Miller, Philadelphia — The Federalist City: A Study of Urban Politics, 1789–1801 (Port Washington, NY, 1976), 84–86.
445
Paul Goodman, The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts: Politics in a Young Republic (Cambridge, MA, 1964), 108–14.
446
Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 63.
447
Gary J. Kornblith, «Artisan Federalism: New England Mechanics and the Political Economy of the 1790s», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic»: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 249–72; Lisa B. Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston», in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850 (Boston, 1997), 195–96.
448
AH, Conversations with George Beckwith, Oct. 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 483; Roland M. Baumann, «Philadelphia’s Manufacturers and the Excise Taxes of 1794», Pa. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 106 (1982), 17–18, 20, 22, 33; Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 77.
449
Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 62.
450
Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 407.
451
Banning, Jeffersonian Persuasion, 213.
452
Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 309.
453
Elkins and MCkitrick, Age of Federalism, 310; Philipp Ziesche, «Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, and the National Struggle for Universal Rights in Revolutionary France», JER, 26 (2006), 419–47.
454
William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1989), 193; Simon F. Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 1997), 124–25.
455
Larry E. Tise, American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800 (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 4–6.
456
Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto: Early American Politics As Viewed In The Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 51.
457
TJ to Joseph Fay, 18 March 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 402; Jay Winik, The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788–1800 (New York, 2007), 463; Charles D. Hazen, Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution (1897; Gloucester, MA, 1964), 257.
458
AH to _____, 18 May 1793, Papers of Hamilton, 16: 475–76.
459
Hazen, American Opinion of the French Revolution, 276, 277.
460
Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street, 125.
461
Susan Branson, These Fiery Frenchified Dames: Women and Political Culture in Early National Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 2001), 109; Heather Nathans, Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 79–81.
462
Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York, 2008), 468–69.
463
S. W. Jackman, «A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–1793», WMQ, 18 (1961), 110.
464
TJ to George Mason, 4 Feb. 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 19: 241.
465
TJ to William Short, 3 Jan. 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 14.
466
TJ to Tench Coxe, 1 May 1794, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 67.
467
TJ to William Branch Giles, 27 April 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 337.
468
John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 127; TJ to William Carmichael, 15 Dec. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 424; TJ to JM, 28Aug. 1789, Republic of Letters, 629.
469
Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 20; Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 363; Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (Boston, 1962), 71.
470
Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 42–43.
471
TJ to JM, 28 April 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 619.
472
Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics In The New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 45.
473
John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 130; Jackman, «A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation», 119.
474
Ratcliffe, Party Spirit In A Frontier Republic, 94.
475
JM to TJ, 19 June 1793, 13 June 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 31, 29; JM to the Minister of the French Republic, April 1793, Republic of Letters, 778.
476
AH, Pacificus No. I, 29 June 1793, Pacificus No. II, 3 July 1793, Pacificus No. III, 6 July 1793, Pacificus No. IV, 10 July 1793, Pacificus No. V, 13–17 July 1793, Pacificus No. VI, 17 July 1795, Pacificus No. VII, 27 July 1793, Papers of Hamilton, 15: 33–43, quotation at 38; 55–63; 65–69; 82–86; 90–95; 100–106, quotation at 103; 130–35.
477
James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 79.
478
TJ to JM, 7 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 444.
479
JM to TJ, 30 July 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 48.
480
JM to TJ, 22 July 1793, and «Helvidius» No. 1, 24 Aug 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 47, 72.
481
JA to TJ, 30 June 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 346–47.
482
«The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet», Papers of Jefferson, 26: 686.
483
Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty, 104.
484
TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 438.
485
Harry Ammon, «The Genet Mission and the Development of American Political Parties», Jah, 52 (1966), 725–41; Harry Ammon, The Genet Mission (New York, 1973).
486
Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 351.
487
JM to Archibald Stuart, 1 Sept. 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 88.
488
TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 438.
489
В августе 1793 года Вашингтон обратился к Франции с просьбой отозвать Генета, но когда французское правительство согласилось, Генет, будучи ставленником жирондистов, решил, что его жизнь может быть в опасности во Франции, где к власти пришли якобинцы. Поэтому он женился на дочери губернатора Нью-Йорка Джорджа Клинтона, поселился недалеко от Олбани и стал американским гражданином.
490
TJ to JM, 3 Aug., 11 Aug. 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 606, 652.
491
TJ to GW, 16 April 1784, Papers of Jefferson, 7: 106–7.
492
«The Free Republican», Boston Independent Chronicle, 8 Dec. 1785.
493
Paine, «Common Sense» (1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 20, 21; David M. Fitzsimons, «Tom Paine’s New World Order: Idealistic Internationalism in the Ideology of Early American Foreign Relations», Diplomatic History, 19 (1995), 569–82.
494
Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 146.
495
JA, March-April 1776, Diary and Autobiography, 2: 236.
496
Burton Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution (Charlottesville, 1979), 1; Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1990), 56.
497
Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 53.
498
JA to BF, 17 Aug. 1780, in Felix Gilbert, To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy (Princeton, 1961), 86; Fitzsimons, «Tom Paine’s New World Order»; Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (New York, 2006), 59.
499
American Commissioners to De Thulemeir, 14 March 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 28.
500
GW to Lafayette, 15 Aug. 1786, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 28: 520.
501
Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 131.
502
TJ to Tench Coxe, 1 May 1794, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 67.
503
Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 386; Ames to Christopher Gore, 28 Jan. 1794, in W. B. Allen, ed., The Works of Fisher Ames (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1028.
504
Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 384–86.
505
AH to GW, 8 Mar. 1794, Papers of Hamilton, 16: 134.
506
Hamilton, Defense of the Funding System, July 1795, Papers of Hamilton, 19: 56.
507
AH, «To Defence No. XX», 23–24 Oct. 1795, Papers of Hamilton, 19: 332.
508
JM, «Helvidius», No. 4, 14 Sept. 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 108.
509
James Monroe to TJ, 16 Mar. 1794, in S. M. Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (New York, 1898), 1: 286–88.
510
JM to TJ, 11 May 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 327–28.
511
JM to TJ, 25 May 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 337–38.
512
JM to TJ, 16 Nov. 1794, Republic of Letters, 859.
513
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 119.
514
TJ to JM, 21 Sept. 1795, Republic of Letters, 897.
515
Marcus Daniels, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (New York, 2009), 138–44; Barry Schwartz, George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol (New York, 1987), 67–68.
516
TJ to James Monroe, 6 Sept. 1795, TJ to Edward Rutledge, 30 Nov. 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 542.
517
Gw to the House of Representatives, 30 March 1796, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 35: 3, 5.
518
TP, The Age of Reason (1794), in Philip Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 600; Russell Blaine Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 214; Daniels, Scandal and Civility, 242–49.
519
Gary B. Nash, «The American Clergy and the French Revolution», WMQ, 22 (1965), 402–12; Henry May, The Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976), 258.
520
Elizabeth A. Perkins, «The Consumer Frontier: Household Consumption in Early Kentucky», JAH, 78 (1991–92), 486–510.
521
Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 842n.
522
Max M. Edling and Mark D. Kaplanoff, «Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform: Transforming the Structure of Taxation in the Early Republic», WMQ, 61 (2004), 712–44.
523
Samuel Eliot Morison, The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860 (Boston, 1961), 73–74.
524
Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 441, 842–43, 443.
525
[Noah Webster], The Revolution in France, Considered in Respect to Its Progress and Effects (New York, 1794), in Ellis Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons of the Founding Era, 1750–1805 (Indianapolis, 1991), 1279; Annals of Congress, 3rd Congress, 2nd session, IV, 929; Albrecht Koschnik, «The Democratic Societies of Philadelphia and the Limits of the American Public Sphere, circa 1793–1795», WMQ, 58 (2001), 615–36.
526
JM to James Monroe, 4 Dec. 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 406–7; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 487–88.
527
AH, Conversation with George Beckwith, Oct. 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 383.
528
Gerard H. Clarfield, Timothy Pickering and the American Republic (Pittsburgh, 1980), 160–61; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 838.
529
Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 500.
530
John Ferling, The First of Men: A Life of George Washington (Knoxville, 1988), 465–66; GW to TJ, 6 July 1796, Papers of Jefferson, 29: 142–43.
531
GW to AH, 25 Aug. 1796, Papers of Hamilton, 20: 308.
532
Ferling, First of Men, 466.
533
GW, Farewell Address (1796), Washington: Writings, 962–77.
534
Manning J. Dauer, The Adams Federalists (Baltimore, 1953), 241; Marshall Smelser, «The Federalist Era as an Age of Passion», American Quarterly, 10 (1958), 391–419.
535
James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 142.
536
Joseph Charles, «Hamilton and Washington: The Origins of the American Party System», WMQ, 12 (1955), 414–15; AH to, 8Nov. 1796, Papers of Hamilton, 20:376–77; AH, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States, 24Oct. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 195.
537
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 149.
538
Joanne B. Freeman, «The presidential Election of 1796», in Richard Alan Ryerson, ed., John Adams and the Founding of the Republic (Boston, 2001), 148.
539
Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 217–18; Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 147.
540
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 158.
541
Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick, THe Age of Federalism (NEw York, 1993), 535.
542
В действительности Сэмюэл Адамс и некоторые другие бостонские патриоты стремились к тому, чтобы Адамс взял на себя защиту солдат, возможно, стремясь защитить репутацию Бостона в империи. Hiller B. Zobel, The boston massacre (New york, 1970), 220–21.
543
Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 581; Peter Shaw, The Character of John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1976), 318.
544
JA to James Warren, 9 Jan. 1787, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., Warren-Adams Letters (Mass. Hist. Soc., Coll., 72–73 [1917, 1925]), 2: 280.
545
Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 574.
546
Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 575.
547
David Lieberman has edited a new edition of Jean Louis De Lolme’s Constitution of England; or, An Account of the English Government (Indianapolis, 2007).
548
JA, Defence, in Wood, creation of the American Republic, 578.
549
О том, как французские революционеры представляли свою социальную борьбу, см. Sarah Maza, «The Social Imagery of the French Revolution: The Third Estate, the National Guard, and the Absent Bourgeoisie», in Colin Jones and Dror Wahrman, eds., The Age of Cultural Revolutions: Britain and France, 1750–1820 (Berkeley, 2002), 106–23.
550
Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York, 1993), 2: 761.
551
Michael Merrill and Sean Wilentz, eds., The Key of Liberty: The Life and Democratic Writings of William Manning, «A Laborer», 1747–1814 (Cambridge, MA, 1993); Michael Merrill, «Putting Capitalism in Its Place: A Review of Recent Literature», WMQ, 52 (1995), 315–26.
552
О Финдли см. John Caldwell, William Findley from west of the mountains: A Politician in pennsylvania, 1783–1791 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2000); and Caldwell, William Findley from West of the Mountains: Congressman, 1791–1821 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2001).
553
Jerry Grundfest, George Clymer: Philadelphia Revolutionary, 1739–1813 (New York, 1982), 141.
554
Claude M. Newlin, The Life and Writings of Hugh Henry Brackenridge (Princeton, 1932), 71.
555
NEWLIN, BRACKENRIDGE, 80–81, 78; Russell J. Ferguson, Early Western Pennsylvania Politics (Pittsburgh, 1938), 66–69.
556
Newlin, Brackenridge, 79–80; Ferguson, Early Western Pennsylvania, 70–72.
557
Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Modern Chivalry, ed. Claude M. Newlin (New York, 1937), 53, 14, 611, 19, 449.
558
Mathew Carey, ed., Debates and Proceedings of the General Assembly of pennsylvania on the Memorials Praying a Repeal or Suspension of the Law Annulling the Charter of the Bank (Philadelphia, 1786), 19, 64, 66, 87, 128, 21, 130, 38, 15, 72–73.
559
[Findley], «Letter by an Officer of the Late Continental Army», Philadelphia Independent Gazette, 6 Nov. 1787, in Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist (Chicago, 1981), 3: 95.
560
Merrill Jensen and Robert A. Becker, eds., The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788–1790 (Madison WI, 1976), 2: 528–32, 551; Caldwell, William Findley: Politician, 166–68; Owen S. Ireland, Religion, Ethnicity, and Politics: Ratifying the Constitution in Pennsylvania (University Park, PA, 1995), 99–101.
561
William Findley, A Review of the Revenue System Adopted at the First Congress Under the Federal Constitution (Philadelphia, 1794), 117.
562
Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 509–10.
563
Young, Democratic Republicans of New York, 511–12; Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontiers of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995), 245–46.
564
Taylor, William Cooper’s Town, 244–46. Как отмечает Тейлор в своей блестящей книге, роман Джеймса Фенимора Купера «Пионеры» основан на опыте его отца.
565
Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of The American Revolution (New York, 1992), 237–38.
566
BF, «Blackamore, on Molatto Gentlemen», 1733, Franklin: Writings, 219; Albrecht Koschnik, «Political Conflict and Public Contest: Rituals of National Celebration in Philadelphia, 1788–1815», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 118 (1994), 209.
567
Daniel Chipman, The Life of Hon. Nathaniel Chipman… With Selections From His Miscellaneous Papers (BOSTON, 1846), 33, 29, 30, 31–32.
568
Aleine Austin, Matthew Lyon: «New Man» of the Democratic Revolution, 1749–1822 (university park, pa, 1981), 46, 45.
569
Chipman, Life of Nathaniel Chipman, 110.
570
Austin, Matthew Lyon, 91, 95; J. Fairfax McLaughlin, Matthew Lyon: The Hampden of Congress (New York, 1900), 500.
571
Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (Feb. 1798), VII, 955–1067.
572
Christopher Clark, Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War (Chicago, 2006), 55.
573
Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretative History of the Continental Congress (New York, 1979), 216–39; George A. Billias, Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman (New York, 1976), 138–39.
574
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (xi, par. 8) (Oxford, 1976), 1: 265.
575
См. William R. Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American Character (New York, 1961).
576
The diary of William Maclay and other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 141; Jack N. Rakove, «The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George Washington», in Richard Beeman et al., eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill, 1987), 283.
577
Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History (New York, 1948), 271, 292, 301.
578
Troup to AH, 31 March 1795, AH to Troup, 13 April 1795, Papers of Hamilton, 18: 310, 329.
579
Chester Mcarthur Destler, Joshua Coit: American Federalist, 1758–1798 (Middletown, CT, 1962), 64; Fisher Ames to Christopher Gore, 5 Oct. 1802, in W. B. Allen, ed., Works of Fisher Ames (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1438; Tamara Platkins Thornton, Cultivating Gentlemen: The Meaning of Country Life Among the Boston Elite, 1785–1860 (New Haven, 1989), 31.
580
Ethel E. Rasmusson, «Democratic Environment — Aristocratic Aspiration», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 90 (1966), 155–82; Bruce H. Mann, Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 187–220. On Federalist dreams of Western empires, see Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825 (Kent, OH, 1986), 12–32.
581
BR to JA, 22 April 1789, in Maeva Marcus and James R. Perry et al., eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800 (New York, 1985), 1: 613.
582
David T. Gilchrist, ed., The Growth of The Seaport Cities, 1790–1825 (Charlottesville, 1967), 119; Ethel E. Rasmusson, «Democratic Environment — Aristocratic Aspiration», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 90 (1966), 155–82.
583
TJ to Mazzei, 24 April 1796, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 7: 72–78.
584
Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (Boston, 1962), 366.
585
TJ to JM, 3 Aug. 1797, Republic of Letters, 985.
586
Monroe to JM, 8 June 1798, JM to Monroe, 9 June 1798, Papers of Madison, 17: 145–46, 149.
587
JM to TJ, 18 Feb 1798, Papers of Madison, 17: 82; Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 174; Joanne B. Freeman, «Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel», WMQ, 53 (1996), 299.
588
Thomas J. Fleming, Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Future of America (New York, 1999), 21.
589
Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 167.
590
Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York, 1975), 205–6.
591
James Roger Sharpe, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 167.
592
Aaron N. Coleman, «‘A Second Bounaparty?’ A Reexamination of Alexander Hamilton During the Franco-American Crisis, 1796–1801», JER, 28 (2008), 199.
593
Ben Wilson, The Making of Victorian Values: Decency and Dissent in Britain, 1789–1837 (New York, 2007), 30.
594
George A. Billias, Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman (New York, 1976), 274.
595
TJ to JM, 29 March 1798, Republic of Letters, 1030.
596
Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795–1800 (New York, 1957), 293.
597
TJ to JM, 6, 19 April 1798, Republic of Letters, 1035, 1039.
598
Ames to Gore, 18 Dec. 1798, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1302.
599
Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (New York, 1993), 588.
600
Ames to H. G. Otis, 23 April 1798, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 2: 1275.
601
James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Acts and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, 1956), 97.
602
Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 103; Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801 (New York, 1966), 82.
603
DeConde, The Quasi-War, 328.
604
DeConde, The Quasi-War, 90–91; Marshall Smelser, The Congress Founds the Navy, 1787–1798 (Notre Dame, IN, 1959), 150–59; Ian W. Toll, Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy (New York, 2006), 101, 105–6; George C. Daughan, If by Sea: The Forging of the American Navy from the Revolution to the War of 1812 (New York, 2008).
605
E. James Ferguson, ed., Selected Writings of Gallatin (Indianapolis, 1967), 137; David McCullough, John Adams (New York, 2001), 499.
606
Richard Buel Jr., America on the Brink: How the Political Struggle over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic (New York, 2005), 17.
607
Marilyn C. Baseler, «Asylum for Mankind»: America, 1607–1800 (Ithaca, 1998), 272; Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 64, 31, 66, 102; Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (April 1798), VIII, 1427; (June 1798), VIII, 1987–89.
608
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 84–85; Basler, «Asylum for Mankind», 248–51.
609
Hans-Jürgen Grabbe, «European Immigration to the United States in the Early National Period, 1783–1820», in Susan E. Klepp, ed., The Demographic History of the Philadelphia Region, 1600–1860, American Philosophical Society, Proc., 133 (1989), 190–214.
610
Baseler, «Asylum for Mankind», 243–55; James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1978), 269–74.
611
Baseler, «Asylum for Mankind», 255–70; Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 24.
612
Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 27; Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session, VIII, 1567–68.
613
Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 53, 438–40.
614
Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (June 1798), VIII, 1956.
615
Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 82.
616
JA to TJ, 14 June 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 329.
617
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer (Garden City, NY, 1966), 185–86, 517.
618
JM, «Public Opinion», 19Dec. 1791, Madison: Writings, 500–501.
619
Paul Starr, The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications (New York, 2004), 80.
620
Michael Durey, Transatlantic Radicals and the Early American Republic (Lawrence, KS, 1997). Из 219 политических беженцев, изученных Дюреем, 152 были ирландцами (69%), 49 англичанами (23%) и 18 шотландцами (8%) — пропорции, по мнению Дюрея, вероятно, отражают относительную интенсивность политических конфликтов в каждой из стран в 1790-х гг. В Англии пик эмиграции пришелся на 1793 и 1794 гг. Это позволяет предположить, что изгнанники стали жертвами первой волны репрессий английского правительства, кульминацией которых стали процессы о государственной измене в 1794 году. Основной этап эмиграции шотландских радикалов в Соединенные Штаты пришелся на 1794–1795 годы после заговора Уатта в Эдинбурге. А в Ирландии подавляющее большинство радикалов бежало в изгнание после восстания в Уэксфорде в 1798 году.
621
Jeffrey L. Pasley, «The Tyranny of the Printers»: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Charlottesville, 2001), 1–47.
622
Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany, 1969), 13; Richard D. Brown, Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865 (New York, 1989).
623
Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), 66, 69, 75; Stewart, Opposition Press, 389, 390.
624
Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto; or, Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 71.
625
Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 20.
626
Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 99.
627
Pasley, «Tyranny of the Printers», 231.
628
Marcus Daniel, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (New York, 2009), 295.
629
William Cobbett, Peter Porcupine in America: Pamphlets on Republicanism and Revolution, ed. David A. Wilson (Ithaca, 1994), 95, 113, 108.
630
Cobbett, Peter Porcupine in America, 117.
631
Cobbett, Peter Porcupine in America, 89–118.
632
Warren, Jacobin and Junto, 85, 82, 86; DeConde, The Quasi-War, 82.
633
Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 116; John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 233; Warren, Jacobin and Junto, 96.
634
Norman L. Rosenberg, Protecting the Best Men: An Interpretative History of the Law of Libel (Chapel Hill, 1986), 77. В деле New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) Верховный суд постановил, что закон прямо противоположен. Пресса может не только законно критиковать государственных служащих, но даже делать ложные заявления о поведении государственных служащих при условии отсутствия «действительного злого умысла». Такой широкой версии свободы прессы не существует больше нигде в мире.
635
Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1992), 86.
636
Buel, Securing the Revolution, 156.
637
Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order, 60.
638
Samuel Miller, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1803), 2: 254–55.
639
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 200; Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), xvii-xviii.
640
TJ to JM, 26 April 1798, Republic of Letters, 1042; Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 441–42.
641
Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (June 1798), VIII, 2024–25, 2017–18.
642
AH to Wolcott, 29 June 1798, Papers of Hamilton, 21: 522.
643
Kenneth Roberts and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793–1798 (New York, 1947), 253.
644
Edward J. Larson, A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign (New York, 2007), 77.
645
Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 258–68; Warren, Jacobin and Junto, 107–10; Ames, «Laocoon 1», April 1799, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 1: 192–93,196.
646
Pasley, «Tyranny of the Printers», 126–31.
647
JM, «Political Observations» (1795), in Marvin Meyers, ed., The Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison (Indianapolis, 1973), 287.
648
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 223.
649
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 604.
650
Chernow, Hamilton, 179.
651
AH to Theodore Sedgwick, 2Feb. 1799, Hamilton: Writings, 914.
652
AH to James McHenry, 18 March 1799, Papers of Hamilton, 22: 552–53.
653
AH to Sedgwick, 2 Feb. 1799, Papers of Hamilton, 22: 453; Thomas P. Slaughter, «‘The King of Crimes’: Early American Treason Law, 1787–1860», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic»: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 96–97. Фрис и двое других были признаны виновными в государственной измене и приговорены к смертной казни, но президент Адамс помиловал их, даже несмотря на противодействие многих федералистов.
654
AH to Jonathan Dayton, Oct.-NOV. 1799, Papers of Hamilton, 23: 599–604.
655
AH to Rufus King, 22 Aug. 1798, Papers of Hamilton, 22: 154–55.
656
Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, July 1804, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, I: 518.
657
JA, Boston Patriot, 10 June 1809, Adams, ed., Works, 9: 305–6.
658
AH to GW, 19 May 1798, Papers of Hamilton, 21: 467.
659
GW to Lafayette, 25 Dec. 1798, Papers of Washington: Retirement Ser., 3: 281–82.
660
GW to Mchenry, 4 July 1798, Papers of Washington: Retirement Ser., 2: 378.
661
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 188; TJ to Taylor, 4 June 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 389.
662
TJ to Stevens Thomson Mason, 11 Oct. 1798, to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Feb. 1800, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 560; 31: 360; TJ to BR, 23 Sept. 1800, Jefferson: Writings, 1081–82.
663
Douglas R. Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (Chapel Hill, 1993), 37.
664
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 188; TJ to Taylor, 26 Nov. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 589.
665
Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 194; JM, Virginia Resolutions Against the Alien and Sedition Acts, 21 Dec. 1798, Madison: Writings, 590.
666
TJ’s Draft of Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, before 4 Oct. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 531–32, 536–41.
667
JM to TJ, 29 Dec. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 606; JM, Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts, 7 Jan. 1800, Madison: Writings, 608–62.
668
Традиционное изложение Виргинской и Кентуккийской резолюций см. Philip G. Davidson, «Virginia and the Alien and Sedition Laws», AHR, 36 (1931), 336–42; и Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, «The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson’s and Madison’s Defense of Civil Liberties», WMQ, (1948), 145–76. Обе версии отрицают, что Вирджиния вооружалась. Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 187–207, предлагает убедительные аргументы в пользу того, что Вирджиния действительно готовилась к насильственной конфронтации с федеральным правительством. В более позднем исследовании William J. Watkins Jr., Reclaiming the American Revolution: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and Their Legacy (New York, 2004), 24, утверждает, что Вирджиния вооружалась не для противостояния федеральному правительству, а лишь пытаясь укрепить свою запущенную оборону, в первую очередь в ответ на участившиеся нападения индейцев на Западе.
669
TJ to JM, 23 Aug. 1799, Republic of Letters, 1119.
670
John Breckinridge to TJ, 13 Dec. 1799, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 266.
671
JM, Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts, 7 Jan. 1800, Madison: Writings, 646–47.
672
John Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800 (New York, 2004), 121.
673
JA, 1809, Papers of Hamilton, 23: 546–47; Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 213.
674
JA to James McHenry, 31 May 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 24: 557.
675
AH to McHenry, 6 June 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 24: 573.
676
AH to Oliver Wolcott, 3 Aug. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 54; Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 119.
677
AH, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 186–234; Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson, 142–43.
678
Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 111; Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795–1800 (Philadelphia, 1957), 373.
679
Samuel Flagg Bemis, A Diplomatic History of the United States, 3rd ed. (New York, 1953), 125.
680
David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 151–52.
681
TJ to Spencer Roane, 6 Sept. 1819, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 140; Susan Dunn, Jefferson’s Second Revolution: The Electoral Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism (Boston, 2004), 274.
682
AH to Gouverneur Morris, 29 Feb. 1802, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 544.
683
John Melish, Travels Through the United States of America, in the Years 1806 and 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811 (London, 1815), 149.
684
Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall (Boston, 1916), 2: 537.
685
James Parton, The Life and Times of Aaron Burr (New York, 1858), 1: 235.
686
7 Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr (New York, 1979, 1982), 1: 37, 44.
687
Matthew L. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr (New York, 1836), 1: 297.
688
For a modern defense of Burr, see Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York, 2007).
689
Davis, Memoirs of Burr, 1: 297.
690
Burr to Aaron Ward, 14 Jan. 1832, in Mary-Jo Kline et al., eds., Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr (Princeton, 1983), 2: 1211.
691
TJ, ANAS (1804), Jefferson: Writings, 693; Mary-Jo Kline, «Aaron Burr as a Symbol of Corruption in the New Republic», in Abraham S. Eisenstadt et al., eds., Before Watergate: Problems of Corruption in American Society (Brooklyn, 1978), 71–72.
692
Lomask, Burr, 1: 87.
693
Burr to William Eustis, 20 Oct. 1797, to Charles Biddle, 14 Nov. 1804, to John Taylor, 22 May 1791, to Peter Van Gaasbeek, 8 May 1795, to James Monroe, 30 May 1794, to Jonathan Russell, 1 June 1801, to Théophile Cazenove, 8 June 1798, all in Kline et al., eds., Papers of Burr, 1: 316; 2: 897; 1: 82, 211, 180; 2: 601; 1: 344.
694
Burr to Theodore Sedgwick, 3 Feb. 1791, in Kline et al., eds., Papers of Burr, 1: 68.
695
Theodore Sedgwick to AH, 10 Jan. 1801, AH to James A. Bayard, 16 Jan. 1801, AH to Bayard, 16 Jan. 1801, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 311, 321, 320,323.
696
AH to John Jay, 7 May 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 24: 464–67.
697
Bruce Ackerman, The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 85; TJ to John Garland Jefferson, 25 Jan. 1810, Papers of Jefferson: Retirement Ser., 2: 183.
698
Theodore Sedgwick to AH, 10 Jan. 1801, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 311–12; James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 33.
699
AH to Oliver Wolcott JR., 16 Dec. 1800, to Gouverneur Morris, 24 Dec. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 257, 272.
700
AH to Theodore Sedgwick, 22 Dec. 1800, to Harrison Gray Otis, 23 Dec. 1800, to Gouverneur Morris, 24 Dec. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 270, 271, 272.
701
AH to Gouverneur Morris, 26 Dec. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 275.
702
TJ to Monroe, 15 Feb. 1801, Papers of Jefferson, 32: 594.
703
TJ to Monroe, 15 Feb. 1801, Papers of Jefferson, 32: 594.
704
Tadahisa Kuroda, The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the early Republic, 1787–1804 (Westport, CT, 1994).
705
Ackerman, Failure of the Founding Fathers, 107.
706
MRS. Samuel Harrison Smith (Margaret Bayard), Forty Years of Washington Society, ED. Gaillard Hunt (London, 1906), 25.
707
TJ to DR. Walter Jones, 31 March 1801, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 255–56.
708
Начиная с Генри Адамса, большинство историков преуменьшают радикальный характер выборов Джефферсона в 1800 году. Но см. Jeffrey L. Pasley, «1800 as a Revolution in Political Culture: Newspapers, Celebrations, Voting and Democratization in the Early Republic», in James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic (Charlottesville, 2002), 121, 52.
709
TJ, First Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, TJ to Dickinson, 6 March 1801, TJ to Priestley, 21 Mar. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 493–96, 1084, 1086.
710
TJ to JA, 13 Nov. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 351.
711
Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (BOSTON, 1970), 388.
712
Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 383, 93.
713
James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800–1828 (NEW YORK, 1966), 90.
714
Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 568.
715
Jeffrey L. Pasley, «Private Access and Public Power: Gentility and Lobbying in the Early Congress», in Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon, EDS., The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development (Athens, OH, 2002), 74–76.
716
Richard Beale Davis, ED., Jeffersonian America: Note on the United States of America Collected in the Years 1805–6–7 and 11–12 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart. (San Marino, CA, 1954), 49.
717
Davis, ED., Jeffersonian America, 8.
718
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 540.
719
Young, Washington Community, 46; William Seale, The President’s House (Washington, DC, 1986), 47–50.
720
Young, Washington Community, 23.
721
Thomas Moore, Epistles, Odes, and other Poems (Philadelphia, 1806), 154.
722
TJ, First Annual Message, 8 Dec. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 504.
723
Noble E. Cunningham JR., The Process of Government Under Jefferson (Princeton, 1978), 22.
724
TJ, First Annual Message, 8 Dec. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 504.
725
Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 69.
726
Cunningham, Process of Government Under Jefferson, 22.
727
Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 386.
728
TJ to Samuel Adams, 26 Feb. 1800, Papers of Jefferson, 31: 395.
729
Theodore J. Crackel, Mr. Jefferson’s Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801–1809 (New York, 1987); Robert M. S. McDonald, Thomas Jefferson’s Military Academy: The Founding of West Point (Charlottesville, 2004).
730
Ian W. Toll, Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy (New York, 2006), 285.
731
TJ to Pierre-Samuel Du Pont De Nemours, 18 Jan. 1802, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 8: 127; Davis, ed., Jeffersonian America, 3.
732
Ames to AH, 31 July 1791, Papers of Hamilton, 8: 590; Richard Sylla, John B. Legler, and John J. Wallis, «Banks and State Public Finance in the New Republic», Journal of Economic History, 47 (1987), 391–403.
733
Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1957), 188, 196, 189; TJ to JM, 1 Oct. 1792, Republic of Letters, 740; Gordon S. Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York, 2006), 110; TJ to Col. Charles Yancey, 6 Jan. 1816, in Paul Ford, ed., Works of Thomas Jefferson: Federal Edition (1904–05), 11: 494.
734
Howard Bodenhorn, State Banking in Early America: A New Economic History (New York, 2003), 14.
735
Raymond Walters Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York, 1957), 237, 239.
736
Albert Gallatin to William H. Crawford, 30 Jan. 1811, in E. James Ferguson, ed., Selected Writings of Albert Gallatin (Indianapolis, 1967), 277.
737
Pauline Maier, «The Debate over Incorporations: Massachusetts in the Early Republic», in Conrad Edick Wright, ed.,Massachusetts and the New Nation (Boston, 1992), 111; J. Van Fenstermaker, The Development of American Commercial Banking, 1782–1837 (Kent, OH, 1965), 4–14.
738
Hammond, Banks and Politics, 145, 165; Charles G. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution (Urbana, IL, 1984), 192–95.
739
Hammond, Banks and Politics, 147; Pennsylvania General Advertiser, 16 Feb. 1793; Richard Gabriel Stone, Hezekiah Niles as an Economist (Baltimore, 1933), 94–95; Fenstermaker, American Commercial Banking, 8.
740
In Briscoe V. Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky (1837) Верховный суд постановил, что статья 1, раздел 10, запрещающая штатам выпускать бумажные деньги, не распространяется на банки, которым выданы лицензии штатами.
741
Hammond, Banks and Politics, 188, 196.
742
Jane Kamensky, The Exchange Artist: A Tale of High-Flying Speculation and America’s First Banking Collapse (New York, 2008), 9, 160.
743
Hammond, Banks and Politics, 189; Peter L. Rousseau and Richard Sylla, «Emerging Financial Markets and Early US Growth», Explorations in Economic History, 42 (2005), 1–26, quotation at 20–21.
744
TJ to Taylor, 26 Nov. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 589.
745
Herbert E. Sloan, Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt (New York, 1995), 196.
746
TJ to Gallatin, 11 Oct. 1809, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 9: 264.
747
Noble Cunningham Jr., The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations, 1801–1809 (Chapel Hill, 1963), 17.
748
Cunningham, Jeffersonian Republicans in Power, 23–29; Broussard, Southern Federalists, 44.
749
Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801–1829 (New York, 1951), 81.
750
Jon Kukla, Mr. Jefferson’s Women (New York, 2007), 185; Merry Ellen Scofield, «The Fatigues of His Table: The Politics of Presidential Dining During the Jefferson Administration», JER, 26 (2006), 449–69.
751
Maxwell H. Bloomfield, American Lawyers in a Changing Society, 1776–1876 (Cambridge, MA, 1976), 37.
752
См. Especially David Daggett, Sun-Beams may be Extracted from Cucumbers, but the process is Tedious (New Haven, 1799).
753
AH to Rufus King, 3 June 1802, Papers of Hamilton, 26: 14; AH, «Views on the French Revolution», (1794), Papers of Hamilton, 26: 739–40.
754
Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760–1860 (Princeton, 1960); Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York, 2000). Сборник данных об американских выборах, 1787–1825 гг., составленный Филипом Лампи, по выборам президента, конгресса, губернаторов и законодательных органов штатов революционизирует понимание историками развития демократии в ранней Республике; он доступен онлайн на веб-странице Американского антикварного общества: «Новая нация голосует: Избирательные бюллетени США, 1787–1825 гг.».
755
James M. Banner JR., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970), 39.
756
William C. Dowling, Literary Federalism in the Age of Jefferson: Joseph Dennie and the Port Folio, 1801–1812 (Columbia, SC, 1999), 6.
757
Fisher Ames, «The Mire of Democracy» (Nov. 1805), in Lewis P. Simpson, ed., The Federalist Literary Mind: Selections from the Monthly Anthology and Boston Review, 1803–1811 (Baton Rouge, 1962), 54.
758
Albrecht Koschnik, «Young Federalists, Masculinity, and Partisanship During the War of 1812», in Jeffery L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher, eds., Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early Republic (Chapel Hill, 2004), 166–68.
759
Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 145.
760
Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 81.
761
Linda K. Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, 1970), 162; Fischer, Revolution of American Conservatism, 26.
762
Fischer, Revolution of American Conservatism, 32; AH to William Hamilton, 2 May 1797, Papers of Hamilton, 21: 78.
763
Steven J. Novak, The Rights of Youth: American Colleges and Student Revolt, 1798–1815 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 55.
764
White, The Jeffersonians, 13.
765
Marshall Foletta, Coming to Terms with Democracy: Federalist Intellectuals and the Shaping of an American Culture (Charlottesville, 2001), 30.
766
Winfred E. A. Bernard, Fisher Ames: Federalist and Statesman, 1758–1808 (Chapel Hill, 1965), 341.
767
Ames to Oliver Wolcott, 3 Aug. 1800, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1368.
768
Broussard, Southern Federalists, 308.
769
Banner, To the Hartford Convention, 133–34; Albrecht Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together»: Associations, Partisanship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840 (Charlottesville, 2007), 3–4, 153–83.
770
Fischer, Revolution of American Conservatism, 86.
771
Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s (New York, 1983), 74.
772
David Waldstreicher, In the midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill, 1997), 216.
773
Pasley, «1800 as a Revolution in Political Culture», in Horn et al., eds., The Revolution of 1800, 132–33; Jeffrey L. Pasley, «The Tyranny of Printers»: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Charlottesville, 2001), 126, 153–75; TJ to Priestley, 21 March 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 1086.
774
Pasley, «Tyranny of Printers», 236; Ames to Christopher Gore, 13 Dec. 1802, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 2: 1445–46. См. Charles G. Steffen, «Newspapers for Free: The Economies of Newspaper Circulation in the Early Republic», JER, 23 (2004), 381–419.
775
William Crafts JR., An Oration on the Influence of Moral causes on National Character, Delivered Before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, on their Anniversary, 28 August, 1817 (Cambridge MA, 1817), 5–6; Tunis Wortman, A Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, and the Liberty of the Press (New York, 1800), 180.
776
Gordon S. Wood, «The Democratization of Mind in the American Revolution», in Leadership in the American Revolution: Library of Congress Symposia in the American Revolution (Washington, DC, 1974), 67; В этой статье есть расширенный анализ общественного мнения (63–89), из которого и взято данное рассуждение.
777
JM to BR, 7 March 1790, Papers of Madison, 13: 93; JM, «Public Opinion», 19 Dec. 1791, Madison: Writings, 500–501.
778
[George Hay], An Essay on the Liberty of the Press (Philadelphia, 1799), 40; TJ, Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 493.
779
Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 252.
780
John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 232; Isaac Chapman Bates, An Oration, Pronounced at Northampton, July 4, 1805 (Northampton, MA, 1805), 6–7, 15.
781
TJ, Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 493; BR to TJ, 12 March 1801, Letters of Rush, 2: 831. Конечно, новая либеральная идея свободы прессы не сразу прижилась. Например, в 1813 году председатель Верховного суда Нью-Йорка Джеймс Кент все еще придерживался мнения, что «индивидуальный характер должен быть защищен, иначе социальное счастье и внутренний мир будут разрушены», и поддержал обвинение в клевете, выдвинутое против печатника в штате Нью-Йорк. Donald Roper, «James Kent and the Emergence of New York’s Libel Law», American Journal of Legal History, 17 (1973), 228–29.
782
Wortman, Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, 118.
783
Wortman, Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, 118–19, 122–23, 155–57.
784
TJ to JA, 11 Jan. 1816, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 458.
785
Wortman, A Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, 180; Richard E. Welch Jr., Theodore Sedgwick, Federalist: A Political Portrait (Middletown, CT, 1965), 211.
786
Samuel Williams, The Natural and Civil History of Vermont (Walpole, NH, 1794), 2: 394; Joseph Hopkinson, Annual Discourse, Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1810), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990) 333; Ames, «The Mire of Democracy», in Simpson, ed., Federalist Literary Mind, 54.
787
Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic, 86.
788
Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together», 184–227; Foletta, Coming to Terms with Democracy.
789
Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York, 1971), 234.
790
Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 146, 147.
791
В первых главах своей классической книги об администрации Джефферсона и Мэдисона Генри Адамс преувеличивает традиционный и статичный характер американского общества в 1800 году, чтобы противопоставить его более современной и динамичной Америке в конце президентского срока Мэдисона в 1817 году. Но Америка в 1800 году уже была энергичным и предприимчивым обществом, и ее нельзя было назвать стабильной. Корни необычайных перемен, происходивших в этот период, лежали в Революции, а не в избрании Джефферсона. О необходимой коррекции Адамса см. Noble E. Cunningham, The United States in 1800: Henry Adams Revisited (Charlottesville, 1988.) For a justification of Adams’s approach, see Garry Wills, Henry Adams and the Making of America (Boston, 2005).
792
Herbert S. Klein, A Population History of the United States (Cambridge, UK, 2004), 77. The fertility of black women was equally high.
793
Ralph H. Brown, Mirror for Americans: Likeness of the Eastern Seaboard, 1810 (New York, 1943), 30.
794
Niles’ Weekly Register, 1 (1811–12), 10.
795
Edward J. Nygren and Bruce Robertson, eds., Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830 (Washington, DC, 1986), 37; Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 1: 583.
796
Cunningham, United States in 1800, 6; Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959); Harriet Simpson Arnow, Flowering of the Cumberland (Lexington, KY, 1963), 90.
797
Monthly Magazine, 1 (1799), 129.
798
Monthly Magazine, 1 (1799), 129; William A. Schaper, Sectionalism and Representation in South Carolina (1901; New York, 1968), 139.
799
Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815 (New York, 1962), 158–59.
800
Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825 (Kent, OH, 1986), 116; Lucy Fletcher Kellogg, in Joyce Appleby, ed., Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies (Boston, 1997), 145, 147; Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775–1850 (New York, 1978), 36–37, 96–97; Noel M. Loomis, «Philip Nolan’s Entry into Texas in 1800», in John Francis McDermott, ed., The Spanish in the Mississippi Valley, 1762–1804 (Urbana, IL, 1974), 120.
801
James L. Huston, Securing the Fruits of Labor: The American Concepts of Wealth Distribution, 1765–1900 (Baton Rouge, 1998), 89; Adna Ferrin Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Statistics (New York, 1969), 40–47; Philip Abrams and E. A. Wrigley, eds., Towns in Society: Essays in Economic History and Historical Sociology (Cambridge, UK, 1978), 247–48.
802
Franklin, «Information to Those Who Would Remove to America», (1784), Franklin: Writings, 975.
803
Jerry Grundfest, George Clymer: Philadelphia Revolutionary, 1739–1813 (New York, 1982), 141; Lucius Versus Bierce, Travels in the Southland, 1822–1823: The Journal of Lucius Versus Bierce, ed. George W. Knepper (Columbus, OH, 1966), 103.
804
Patricia S. Watlington, The Partisan Spirit: Kentucky Politics, 1779–1792 (New York, 1972), 46; Morris Birkbeck, Letters from Illinois (London, 1818), 14; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 55; William C. Preston, Reminiscences, цитируется по Charles L. Sanford, ed., Quest for America, 1810–1824 (New York, 1964), 26; Donald B. Cole, «A Yankee in Kentucky: The Early Years of Amos Kendall, 1789–1828», Mass. Hist. Soc., Proc., 109 (1997), 31.
805
Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, MA, 2000), 6.
806
Johann David Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation, 1783–1784 (Philadelphia, 1911), 1: 238–39.
807
Christopher Clark, Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War (Chicago, 2006), 79.
808
Lawrence W. Towner, «The Indentures of Boston’s Poor Apprentices: 1734–1805», Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications, 43 (1956–1963), 427; Philip S. Foner, ed., The Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800: A Documentary Sourcebook of Constitutions, Addresses, Resolutions, and Toasts (Westport, CT, 1976), 10.
809
Charles William Janson, Stranger in America (London, 1807), ed. Carl S. Driver (New York, 1935), xxiii-iv.
810
Janson, Stranger in America, 423–24, 311, 20, 86; William C. Dowling, Literary Federalism in the Age of Jefferson: Joseph Dennie and The Port Folio, 1801–1811 (Columbia, SC, 1999), 1.
811
Samuel L. Mitchill, An Address to the Citizens of New York (New York, 1800), 23; Joseph Kastner, A Species of Eternity (New York, 1977), 195.
812
James A. Henretta, The Origins of American Capitalism: Selected Essays (Boston, 1991); Allan Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism (Charlottesville, 1992); Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780–1860 (Ithaca, 1990). Анализ дискуссии о «переходе к капитализму» см. Gordon S. Wood, «Inventing American Capitalism», New York Review of Books (9 June 1994), 44–49; и Wood, «The Enemy Is Us: Democratic Capitalism in the Early Republic», in Paul A. Gilje, ed., Wages of Independence: Capitalism in the Early Republic (Madison, WI, 1997), 137–53.
813
Ротенберг, чья книга основана на эмпирических данных, взятых из бухгалтерских книг, завещательных описей и налоговых оценок, утверждает, что подлинная рыночная экономика существует там, где покупатели и продавцы находятся в таком свободном обмене друг с другом на территории региона, что цены на одни и те же товары имеют тенденцию к сближению. Другими словами, рыночная экономика, заключает Ротенберг, возникла в сельской местности Новой Англии только тогда, когда цены на фермерские товары, фермерский труд (или заработную плату) и сельские сбережения (или проценты) стали устанавливаться не обычаями или правительством, а безличным рыночным обменом. Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750–1850 (Chicago, 1992), 124, 220, 243, 101.
814
J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 53.
815
BF to Benjamin Vaughn, 26 July 1784, in Albert Henry Smyth, ed., The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 1905–1907), 9: 243–44; Derek Jarrett, England in the Age of Hogarth (London, 1974), 79–80.
816
Opal, Beyond the Farm, 75.
817
Elkanah Watson, Address of Elkanah Watson, Esq.. Delivered before the Berkshire Agricultural Societ y… 7th October, 1814 (Pittsfield, MA, 1814), 4, 7; Elkanah Watson, History of the Rise, Progress, and Existing State of Modern Agricultural Societies on the Berkshire System, from 1807 to Establishment of the Board of Agriculture in the State of New York, January 10, 1820 (Albany, 1820), 114, 126, 132, 142, 145, 160, 168 n, 169, 177–78, 182; Winslow C. Watson, ed., Men and Times of the Revolution; or, Memoirs of Elkanah Watson… from the year 1777 to 1842 (New York, 1857), 425, 426–27, 428.
818
Opal, Beyond the Farm, 96–125, esp. 118, 101, 111–13, 120; Rena L. Vassar, ed., «The Life or Biography of Silas Felton Written by Himself», American Antiquarian Society, Proc., 69 (1959), 140.
819
Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York, 1982); Jack K. Williams, Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History (College Station, TX, 1980).
820
Marquis de Chastellux, Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781 and 1782, ed. Howard C. Rice Jr., (Chapel Hill, 1963), 2: 601; Elliot J. Gorn, «‘Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch’: The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry», AHR, 90 (1985), 18–43; Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790 (Chapel Hill, 1982), 98–104.
821
Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky: A Series of Reminiscential Letters, in joyce Appleby, ed., Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies (Boston, 1997), 64; Gorn, «‘Gouge and Bite’», 23–25.
822
Grady Mc Whiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa, 1988); David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989).
823
Janson, Stranger in America, 307–8; Gorn, «‘Gouge and Bite’», 31–36.
824
Kenneth S. Lynn, Mark Twain and Southwestern Humor (Boston, 1960), 23–72.
825
Kenneth Roberts and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793–1798 (Garden City, NY, 1947), 328–29, 333.
826
The Journal of William D. Martin: A Journey from South Carolina to Connecticut in the Year 1809, ed. Anna D. Elmore (Charlotte, SC, 1959), 8–9; Ester B. Aresty, The Best Behavior: The Course of Good Manners — From Antiquity to the Present as Seen Through Courtesy and Etiquette Books (New York, 1970), 189–90, 229; North American Review, 1 (1815), 20.
827
Samuel A. Otis to John Langdon, [16–22] Sept. 1789, in Maeva Marcus and James R. Perry et al., eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York, 1985), 1: 661. Вторая часть этого тома полна неловких писем мужчин, которые хотели получить назначение в Верховный суд, но культура не позволяла им выражать свои желания слишком смело.
828
Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 79.
829
Harvey Strum, «Property Qualifications and Voting Behavior in New York, 1807–1816», JER, 1 (1981), 359.
830
Strum, «Property Qualifications», 367.
831
Griffith J. Mcree, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell (New York, 1857–1858), 2: 160; Norman K. Risjord, The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1965), 57.
832
Strum, «Property Qualifications», 350, 369.
833
Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 199, 153; Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, 2005), 123.
834
Michael Zakim, Ready-Made Democracy: A History of Men’s Dress in the American Republic, 1760–1860 (Chicago, 2003).
835
Benjamin Latrobe to Philip Mazzei, 19 Dec. 1806, in Margherita Marchione et al., eds., Philip Mazzei: Select Writings and Correspondence (Prato, Italy, 1983), 439.
836
Richard Beale Davis, ed., Jeffersonian America: Notes on the United States of America Collected in the Years 1805–6–7 and 11–12 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart. (San Marino, CA, 1954), 56.
837
Latrobe to Mazzei, 19 Dec. 1806, in Marchione et al., eds., Mazzei: Writings, 439.
838
David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: the Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 183; Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto; or, Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 223.
839
Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic, 82; Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760–1860 (Princeton, 1960), 161.
840
Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, 43.
841
Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995), 367–68.
842
Warren, Jacobin and Junto, 183–214; Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America (New York, 2006), 113–17.
843
G. S. Rowe and Jack D. Marietta, «Personal Violence in a ‘Peaceable Kingdom’: Pennsylvania, 1682–1801», in Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy, eds., Over the Threshold: Intimate Violence in Early America (New York, 1999), 24–27; Eric H. Monkkonen, Murder in New York City (Berkeley, 2001); Historical Violence Database, http://cjrc.ose.edu/hvd; Alan David Aberbach, In Search of An American Identity: Samuel Latham Mitchill, Jeffersonian Nationalist (New York, 1988), 187.
844
Neil K. Fitzgerald, «Towards an American Abraham: Multiple Parricide and the Rejection of Revelation in the Early National Period…» (M.A. thesis, Brown University, 1971), 8–9.
845
Doron Ben-Atar and Richard D. Brown, «Darkness in New Light New England: Punishing Bestial Acts in the 1790’s», неопубликованный доклад, представленный на съезде Американской исторической ассоциации, 5 января 2008 г., и цитируется с разрешения авторов.
846
Roger Lane, Murder in America (Columbus, OH, 1997), 82–84; Irene Q. Brown and Richard D. Brown, The Hanging of Ephraim Wheeler: A Story of Rape, Incest, and Justice in Early America (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 260.
847
Paul A. Gilje, The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763–1834 (Chapel Hill, 1987), 123–288; Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: The Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1979), 59.
848
Gilje, Road to Mobocracy, 268, 274, 279.
849
Seth Rockman, Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore (Baltimore, 2009).
850
Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana, IL, 1989), 59.
851
Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Bloomington, in, 1996), 60–63.
852
James Monroe to JM, 4 Aug. 1812, Papers of Madison: Presidential Ser., 5: 114.
853
Gilje, Rioting in America, 60–63; Charles G. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812 (Urbana, IL, 1984), 243–50; Hickey, War of 1812, 52–71; Frank A. Cassell, «The Great Baltimore Riot of 1812», Maryland Historical Magazine, 70 (1975), 241–59; Donald R. Hickey, «The Darker Side of Democracy: The Baltimore Riots of 1812», Maryland Historian, 7 (1976), 1–19; Paul A. Gilje, «The Baltimore Riots of 1812 and the Breakdown of the Anglo-American Mob Tradition», Journal of Social History, 13 (1979), 547–64.
854
Janson, Stranger in America, 304.
855
Samuel L. Mitchill, Emporium, 1 (1812), 74; Aberbach, American Identity: Samuel Latham Mitchill, 189.
856
W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979) 89, 17.
857
Rorabaugh, Alcoholic Republic, 3–21, 87; Ian R. Tyrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–1860 (Westport, CT, 1979), 3–32; Randolph A. Roth, The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850 (Cambridge, UK, 1987), 48; Elizabeth Cometti, ed., Seeing America and Its Great Men: The Journals and Letters of Count Francesco dal Verme, 1783–1784 (Charlottesville, 1969), 15; BR, «The Effects of Ardent Spirits upon Man», in Dagobert D. Runes, ed., The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush (New York, 1947), 340.
858
Page Smith, John Adams (Garden City, NY, 1962), 2: 1016–17.
859
Alan Taylor, «‘The Unhappy Stephen Arnold’: An Episode of Murder and Penitence in the Early Republic», in Ronald Hoffman, Mechel Sobel, and Fredrika J. Teute, eds., Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America (Chapel Hill, 1997), 105.
860
Clare A. Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (Chapel Hill, 2006), 188–353.
861
Karen A. Weyler, Intricate Relations: Sexual and Economic Desire in American Fiction, 1789–1814 (Iowa City, 2004), 24.
862
Ellen K. Rothman, «Sex and Self-Control: Middle-Class Courtship in America, 1770–1870», in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective (New York, 1983), 394–95; Daniel Scott Smith, «Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts», Journal of Marriage and the Family, 35 (1973), 419–28; Daniel Scott Smith and Michael S. Hindus, «Premarital Pregnancy in America, 1640–1971», Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 5 (1975), 561; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1822 (New York, 1990), 155–56.
863
American Museum, 7 (1790), 306; David Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York, 1977), 77–112; Zakim, Ready-Made Democracy.
864
Steven J. Novak, The Rights of Youth: American Colleges and Student Revolt, 1798–1815 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 12–13, 14; Charles Nisbet (1787), цитируется по Samuel Miller, Memoir of the Rev. Charles Nisbet, D.D., Late President of Dickinson College, Carlisle (New York, 1840), 167.
865
Novak, The Rights of Youth, 14.
866
Novak, The Rights of Youth, 17–18.
867
Novak, The Rights of Youth, 20–21; Rorabaugh, Alcoholic Republic, 139.
868
Novak, The Rights of Youth, 28.
869
Novak, The Rights of Youth, 45, 57.
870
Novak, Rights of Youth, 76.
871
Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble, 225.
872
William Miller, «The Effects of the American Revolution on Indentured Servitude», Pennsylvania History, 7 (1940), 136; Sharon V. Salinger, «Artisans, Journeymen, and the Transformation of Labor in Late Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia», WMQ, 40 (1983), 64–66; Steven Rosswurm, Arms, Country, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and «Lower Sort» During the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1987), 16.
873
C. Dallett Hemphill, Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 1620–1860 (New York, 1999), 83.
874
American Museum, 11 (1792), 84; Daniel E. Sutherland, Americans and Their Servants: Domestic Service in the United States from 1800 to 1920 (Baton Rouge, 1981), 125–26; Richard S. Pressman, «Class Positioning and Shays’ Rebellion: Resolving the Contradictions of The Contrast», Early American Literature, 21 (1986), 95; Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, 132.
875
Janson, Stranger in America, 88; M. J. Heale, «From City Fathers to Social Critics: Humanitarianism and Government in New York, 1790–1860», JAH, 63 (1976), 26–27; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: «Woman’s Sphere» in New England, 1780–1835 (New Haven, 1977), 28–30, 49; Taylor, William Cooper’s Town, 379; Samuel Eliot Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: The Urbane Federalist (Boston, 1969), 533; Strum, «Property Qualifications», 371.
876
David John Jeremy, ed., Henry Wansey and His American Journal, 1794 (Philadelphia, 1970) 99; Douglas T. Miller, Jacksonian Aristocracy: Class and Democracy in New York, 1830–1860 (New York, 1967), 5–7; Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr., Learning How to Behave: A Historical Study of Etiquette Books (New York, 1946), 82; Doris Elizabeth King, «The First-Class Hotel and the Age of the Common Man», Journal of Southern History, 23 (1957), 173–88; Sharon V. Salinger, Taverns and Drinking in Early America (Baltimore, 2002), 244–46; A. K. Sandoval-Strauss, Hotel: An American History (New Haven, 2007).
877
Sharon V. Salinger, «To Serve Well and Faithfully»: Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682–1800 (Cambridge, 1987), 154, 156–57; Charles F. Montgomery, American Furniture: The Federal Period (New York, 1966), 14.
878
Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York, 1976), 39; Salinger, «To Serve Well and Faithfully», 167–68; Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850 (New York, 1984), 58.
879
Montgomery, American Furniture, 22–23; Ian M. G. Quimby, «The Cordwainers Protest: A Crisis in Labor Relations», Winterthur Portfolio, 3 (1967), 83–101.
880
Lisa B. Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston», in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850 (Boston, 1997), 195.
881
James P. Walsh, «‘Mechanics and Citizens’: The Connecticut Artisan Protest of 1792», WMQ, 62 (1985), 66–89.
882
Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist», in Wright and Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs, 206, 207.
883
Walsh, «‘Mechanics and Citizens’», 66–89.
884
Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900 (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 33–34; Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist», in Wright and Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs, 185.
885
George Warner, Means for the Preservation of Political Liberty: an Oration Delivered in the New Dutch Church, on the Fourth of July, 1797 (New York, 1797), 13–14; Alfred Young, «The Mechanics and the Jeffersonians: New York, 1789–1801», Labor History, 5 (1964), 274; Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany, 1969), 389; Richard E. Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York, 1971), 173.
886
TJ to David Williams, 14 Nov. 1803, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 431.
887
Ruth Bogin, Abraham Clark and the Quest for Equality in the Revolutionary Era, 1774–1794 (East Brunswick, NJ, 1982), 32; Abraham Bishop, Proofs of a Conspiracy Against Christianity and the Government of the United States (Hartford, 1802), 20; Jerome J. Nadelhaft, «‘The Snarls of Invidious Animals’: The Democratization of Revolutionary South Carolina», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Sovereign States in an Age of Uncertainty (Charlottesville, 1981), 77; Aleine Austin, Matthew Lyon: «New Man» of the Democratic Revolution, 1749–1822 (University Park, PA, 1981), 274, 67; Stewart, Opposition Press of the Federalist Period, 390.
888
Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., «William Manning’s The Key of Libberty», WMQ, 13 (1956), 202–54. Michael Merrill and Sean Wilentz have edited a modern edition of The Key of Liberty: The Life and Democratic Writings of William Manning: «A Laborer», 1747–1814 (Cambridge, MA, 1993), but unfortunately they have corrected all his phonetic spelling.
889
Mason L. Weems, The Life of Washington (1809), ed. Marcus Cunliffe (Cambridge, MA, 1962), 203–14.
890
A. G. Roeber, Faithful Magistrates and Republican Lawyers: Creators of Virginia Legal Culture, 1680–1810 (Chapel Hill, 1981), 247, 251; Bogin, Abraham Clark, 32; Austin, Matthew Lyon, 64.
891
Dowling, Literary Federalism, 15; George W. Corner, ed., Autobiography of Benjamin Rush (Princeton, 1948), 338.
892
Leary, «Dennie on Franklin», in J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography (New York, 1986), 244.
893
Charles Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee and the Legacy of the American Revolution (New York, 1981), 168.
894
Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon (Cambridge, MA, 1969), 3: 372.
895
[James Sullivan], The Path to Riches: An Inquiry into the Origin and Use of Money; and into the Principles of Stocks and Banks (Boston, 1792), 6. О том, как интересы противостоят страстям и как укрощаются амбиции, см. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before Its Triumph (Princeton, 1977); and J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008).
896
Steven Watts, The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790–1820 (Baltimore, 1987), 186; Dowling, Literary Federalism, 15, 64.
897
TJ to Joseph Priestley, 19 June 1802, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 324–25.
898
TJ to J.P.G. Muhlenberg, 31 Jan. 1781, Papers of Jefferson, 4: 487; Reginald Horsman, «The Dimensions of an ‘Empire of Liberty’: Expansionism and Republicanism», JER, 9 (1989), 6. On the Jeffersonian West, see François Furstenberg, «The Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History», AHR, 113 (2008), 647–77.
899
Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York, 1970), 773.
900
TJ to Archibald Stuart, 25 Jan. 1786, to George Rogers Clark, 25 Dec. 1780, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 218; 4: 237. О различных значениях понятия «империя» в конце XVIII века см. Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 189–95.
901
TJ to Monroe, 24 Nov. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 1097.
902
Andro Linklater, Measuring America: How an Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy (New York, 2002), 76.
903
Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825 (Kent, OH, 1986), 116; Henry Wansey, The Journal of an Excursion to the United States of North America in the Summer of 1794 (New York, 1969), 183; J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 45.
904
Malcoln J. Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775–1850 (New York, 1978), 89–156.
905
Ames to Christopher Gore, 3 Oct. 1803, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1462.
906
Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, «A Meaning for Turner’s Frontier: Part I: Democracy in the Old Northwest», and «A Meaning for Turner’s Frontier: Part II: The Southwest Frontier and New England», Political Science Quarterly, 69 (1954), 321–53, 565–602.
907
Kathleen M. Brown, Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America (New Haven, 2009).
908
Steven F. Miller, «Plantation Labor Organization and Slave Life on the Cotton Frontier: The Alabama-Mississippi Black Belt, 1815–1840», in Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville, 1993), 155–69; Andrew R. L. Cayton, Frontier Indiana (Bloomington, 1996), 183–87; Thomas P. Abernethy, From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee: A Study in Frontier Democracy (Chapel Hill, 1932), 146–51; Harriette Simpson Arnow, Seedtime on the Cumberland (Lexington, KY, 1960), 247–81; Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier; Solon J. Buck and Elizabeth Hawthorn Buck, The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh, 1939), 333, 346–47.
909
Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Cambridge, MA, 2005); Abernethy, From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee, 208; Robert E. Corlew, Tennessee: A Short History (Knoxville, 1969, 1981), 209, 210.
910
Paul Finkelman, «Slavery and the Northwest Ordinance: A Study in Ambiguity», JER, 6 (1986), 343–70; and Finkelman, «Evading the Ordinance: The Persistence of Bondage in Indiana and Illinois», JER, 9 (1989), 21–51.
911
Freeman Cleaves, Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time (New York, 1939), 9–32.
912
Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 188–92, 246–47.
913
Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 247–52; Patrick J. Furlong, «Jonathan Jennings», American National Biography (New York, 1999), 11: 951–52; Reginald Horsman, The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783–1815 (New York, 1970), 92. Хотя сам Гаррисон вел популистскую кампанию за президентское кресло в 1840 году, используя крепкий сидр и бревенчатую хижину в качестве символов, чтобы скрыть свое аристократическое происхождение из Вирджинии, он не забыл, как поступил с ним Дженнингс. В своей инаугурационной речи в качестве президента Гаррисон обратил внимание на этот «старый трюк тех, кто хочет узурпировать правительство своей страны. Они выступают от имени демократии, предостерегая народ от влияния богатства и опасностей аристократии. История, древняя и современная, полна таких примеров».
914
Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 102.
915
Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, MA, 2000), 103.
916
Jacob M. Price, «Economic Function and the Growth of American Port Towns in the Eighteenth Century», Perspectives in American History, 8 (1974), 123–86; Carville Earle and Ronald Hoffman, «Urban Development in the Eighteenth-Century South», Perspectives in American History, 10 (1976), 7–78.
917
Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 140.
918
Elkins and Mckitrick, «A Meaning For Turner’s Frontier», 572.
919
Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick, Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 335; Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic, 61, 74.
920
AH to GW, 15 Sept. 1790, Papers of Hamilton, 7: 51–53.
921
TJ to Archibald Stuart, 25 Jan. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 218.
922
JM to TJ, 20 Aug. 1784, Republic of Letters, 339.
923
TJ to Robert R. Livingston, 18 April 1802, Jefferson: Writings, 1104–7.
924
Lawrence S. Kaplan, Jefferson and France: An Essay on Politics and Political Ideas (New Haven, 1967), 101.
925
TJ to Robert R. Livingston, 18 April 1802, Jefferson: Writings, 1104–7.
926
Jon Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America (New York, 2003), 287, 289.
927
Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, 292, 291.
928
Higginson to Timothy Pickering, 22 Nov. 1803, «Letters of Stephen Higginson, 1783–1804», Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1896 (Washington, DC, 1897), 1: 837.
929
AH to Theodore Sedgwick, 10 July 1804, Papers of Hamilton, 26: 309.
930
TJ, Second Inaugural, 4 Mar. 1805, Jefferson: Writings, 519.
931
John Mack Faragher, Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer (New York, 1992), 174–75.
932
TJ to Joseph Priestley, 29 Jan. 1804, Jefferson: Writings, 1142.
933
Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, 311–13; Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (New York, 1976), 212.
934
William E. Foley, A History of Missouri, VOL. 1, 1673–1820 (Columbia, MO, 1971), 63–119.
935
Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, 323.
936
Fisher Ames to Thomas Dwight, 31 Oct. 1803, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 2: 1468–69.
937
Peter J. Kastor, The Nation’s Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, 2004), 66; Rothman, Slave Country, 101–2.
938
J.C.A. Stagg, Borderlines in Borderlands: James Madison and the Spanish-American Frontier, 1776–1821 (New Haven, 2008), 39, 41.
939
Livingston to JM, 20 May 1803, Papers of Madison: Secretary of State Ser., 5: 19.
940
DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana, 215, 216.
941
DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana, 218, 225, 214; TJ to JM, 18Sept. 1805, Republic of Letters, 1387.
942
Randolph, Annals of Congress, 9th Congress, 1st session (April 1806), 947.
943
Reginald Horsman, «The Dimensions of an ‘Empire of Liberty’: Expansionism and Republicanism», JER, 9 (1989), 11; Everett S. Brown, ed., William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807 (New York, 1923), 401.
944
TJ to JM, 27 April 1809, Republic of Letters, 1586; Andrew McMichael, Atlantic Loyalties: Americans in Spanish West Florida, 1785–1810 (Athens, GA, 2008).
945
Edward G. Gray, The Making of John Ledyard: Empire and Ambition in the Life of an Early American Traveler (New Haven, 2007).
946
TJ to Meriwether Lewis, 15 July 1803, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 8: 199–200.
947
Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (New York, 1996), 79; William H. Goetzmann and William N. Goetzmann, The West in the Imagination (New York, 1986), 7.
948
Landon Y. Jones, William Clark and the Shaping of the West (New York, 2004).
949
Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 156–57.
950
Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 212.
951
James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln, NE, 1984), 157.
952
Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 305.
953
В 1893 году доктор Эллиотт Коуз опубликовал новое аннотированное издание «Истории Биддла», в котором он идентифицировал многие растения и животных, упомянутых в тексте. Но только после того, как Рубен Голд Твейтс, директор Исторического общества штата Висконсин и опытный редактор документальных материалов, опубликовал в 1904–1905 годах свое многотомное издание «Оригинальных дневников экспедиции Льюиса и Кларка», мир узнал, что же на самом деле написали Льюис и Кларк и их подчиненные. Эти более ранние издания были вытеснены тринадцатитомным изданием под редакцией Gary Moulton, The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Lincoln, NE, 1987–2001).
954
William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West, 1803–1863 (New Haven, 1959).
955
Editorial note, Mary-Jo Kline and Joanne Wood Ryan, eds., Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr (Princeton, 1983), 2: 882.
956
Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr (New York, 1979, 1982), 1: 347.
957
Lomask, Aaron Burr, 1: 350.
958
Lomask, Aaron Burr, 2: 45.
959
Lomask, Aaron Burr, 2: 172.
960
TJ, Message to Congress, 22 Jan. 1807, Jefferson: Writings, 532. Джон Адамс сделал очевидный вывод. Даже если вина Бёрра была «ясна, как полуденное солнце», сказал он Бенджамину Рашу в феврале 1807 года, «первый магистрат не должен был объявлять ее таковой до того, как его судил суд присяжных». Leonard W. Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 71.
961
On the Trial From Burr’s Point of view, see Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 319–65.
962
К сожалению, большая часть тридцатилетней работы Джефферсона над индейскими словарями была украдена во время его переезда в Монтичелло в конце президентского срока. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticello (Boston, 1981), 4–5.
963
Более полный анализ этого вопроса о климате Америки см. Gordon S. Wood, «Environmental Hazards, Eighteenth-Century Style», in Leonard J. Sadosky et al., eds., Old World, New World: America and Europe in the age of Jefferson (Charlottesville, forthcoming), из которой взято это обсуждение.
964
Buffon, Natural History, General and Particular, in Henry Steele Commager and Elmo Giordanetti, eds., Was America a Mistake? An Eighteenth-Century Controversy (New York, 1967), 60; Gilbert Chinard, «Eighteenth-Century Theories on America as a Human Habitat», American Philosophical Society, Proc., 91 (1947), 25–57; Antonello Gerbi, The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900 (Pittsburgh, 1973); Philippe Roger, The American Enemy: A Story of French Anti-Americanism (Chicago, 2005), 1–29.
965
Gerbi, Dispute of the New World, 4; Buffon, Natural History, in Commager and Giordanetti, eds., Was America a Mistake? 53, 60.
966
Buffon, Natural History, in commager and Giordanetti, eds., Was America a Mistake? 60, 61.
967
Karen Ordahl Kupperman, «The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period», AHR, 87 (1982), 1262–89.
968
Durand Echeverria, Mirage in the West: A History of the French Image of American Society to 1815 (Princeton, 1957).
969
Stanley Weintraub, Iron Tears: America’s Battle For Freedom, Britain’s Quagmire, 1775–1783 (New York, 2005), 65; Stacy Schiff, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America (New York, 2005), 169. T. H. Breen, «Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution: Revisions Once More in Need of Revising», JAH, 84 (1997), 29–32; Stephen Conway, «From Fellow-Nationals to Foreigners: British Perceptions of the Americans, circa 1739–1783», WMQ, 59 (2002), 65–100.
970
TJ to C. F. de C. Volney, 8 Feb. 1805, Jefferson: Writings, 1155.
971
TJ to BR, 12 Sept. 1799, Papers of Jefferson, 31: 183–84; Edwin T. Martin, Thomas Jefferson: Scientist (New York, 1952), 131–47.
972
TJ to Governor William Henry Harrison, 27 Feb. 1803, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 368; Governor William C. C. Claiborne, 7 July 1804, in Merrill Peterson, ed., The Portable Jefferson (New York, 1975), 499–500; TJ to Benjamin Rush, 12Sept. 1799, Papers of Jefferson, 31: 183–84.
973
Charles Caldwell, Medical and Physical Memoirs: Containing, Among Other Subjects, a Particular Enquiry into the Origin and Nature of the Late Pestilential Epidemics of the United States (Philadelphia, 1801), 46, 51, 64, 117; Caldwell, An Oration on the Causes of the Difference, in Point of Frequency and Force, Between the Endemic Diseases of the United States of America, and Those of the Countries of Europe (Philadelphia, 1802), 5–9, 13, 16, 18, 32.
974
Ramsey to TJ, 3 May 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 441.
975
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 43–58, quotation at 55.
976
Gerbi, Dispute of the New World, 264.
977
John Sullivan to TJ, 16 April 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 11: 296.
978
TJ to Buffon, 1 Oct. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 194; Martin, Jefferson: Scientist, 187.
979
TJ to Joseph Willard, 24 Mar. 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 699; to Bishop James Madison, 1 Apr. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 236; to Palisot de Beauvois, 25 Apr. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 293–97; American Philosophical Society, Trans., 4 (1799), 246–60.
980
Charles Coleman Sellers, Mr. Peale’s Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art (New York, 1980), 146–47; C. A. Browne, «Elder John Leland and the Mammoth Cheshire Cheese», Agricultural History, 18 (1944); L. H. Butterfield, «Elder John Leland, Jeffersonian Itinerant», American Antiquarian Society, Proc., 62 (1952).
981
Joseph Kastner, A Species of Eternity (New York, 1977), 190–91.
982
Cecelia Tichi, «Charles Brockden Brown, Translator», American Literature, 44 (1972), 1–12.
983
TJ, Notes on Virginia, ed. Peden, 58–62; TJ to Chastellux, 7 June 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 184–86.
984
Rev. James Madison to TJ, 28 Dec. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 643.
985
TJ, Notes on Virginia, ed. Peden, 162. В 1798 году протеже Джефферсона Уильям Шорт предложил Джефферсону лучшее, по его мнению, решение расовой проблемы Америки — расовое смешение. Джефферсон, рассматривавший смешение как деградацию белых, проигнорировал предложение Шорта. Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York, 2008), 536–39.
986
Bernard W. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian (New York, 1974), 201–7.
987
Panoplist and Missionary Herald, 14 (1818), 212–13.
988
TJ to William Ludlow, 6 Sept. 1824, Jefferson: Writings, 1496–97.
989
TJ, First Annual Message, 8 Dec. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 501.
990
TJ to the chiefs of the Wyandots, Ottawas, Chippewas, Powtewatamies, and Shawanese, 10 Jan. 1809, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 16: 464; Anthony F. C. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans (Cambridge, MA, 1999).
991
Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction.
992
William E. Nelson, Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760–1830 (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 14–16; Hendrik Hartog, «The Public Law of a County Court: Judicial Government in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts», American Journal of Legal History, 20 (1976), 321–23.
993
[Anon.], Four Letters on Interesting Subjects (Philadelphia, 1776), 21; [Adams], Boston Gazette, Jan. 27, 1766, in Adams, ed., Works, 3: 480–82. Томас Пейн, который, вероятно, был автором «Четырех писем», в своей работе «Права человека, часть вторая» (1792) все еще утверждал, что «судебная власть является строго и правильно исполнительной властью каждой страны».Philip Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 388.
994
William Henry Drayton, A Letter From Freeman of South-Carolina (Charleston, 1774), 10.
995
Gerhard Casper, «The Judiciary Act of 1789 and Judicial Independence», Maeva Marcus, ed., Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789 (New York, 1992), 284.
996
Gordon S. Wood, «The Origins of Judicial Review», Suffolk Law Review, 22 (1988), 1293–307.
997
TJ to Edmund Pendleton, 26 Aug. 1776, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 505.
998
Anaton-Hermann Chroust, The Rise of the Legal Profession in America (Norman, OK, 1965), 2: 5–15; George Dargo, Law in the New Republic: Private Law and the Public Estate (New York, 1983), 49–59; Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law (New York, 1973), 276–81.
999
Chroust, Rise of the Legal Profession in America, 2: 28.
1000
TJ to Pendleton, 26 Aug. 1776, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 505.
1001
Marc Raeff, «The Well-Ordered Police State and the Development of Modernity in Seventeenth– and Eighteenth-Century Europe: An Attempt at a Comparative Approach», AHR, 80 (1975), 1221–43; David Lieberman, «Codification, Consolidation, and Parliamentary Statute», in John Brewer and Eckhart Hellmuth, eds., Rethinking Leviathan: The Eighteenth-Century State in Britain and Germany (London, 1999), 359–90.
1002
Tj, Autobiography (1821), Jefferson: Writings, 32.
1003
«On the Present States of America», 10 Oct. 1776, in Peter Force, ed., American Archives, 5th Ser. (Washington, DC, 1837–46), 2: 969.
1004
Drayton, Speech to General Assembly of South Carolina, Jan. 20, 1778, in Hezekiah Niles, ed., Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America (New York, 1876), 359. О запутанном состоянии колониального права и преобладании судебного усмотрения см. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 291–305.
1005
[Anon.], Rudiments of Law and Government, Deduced from the Law of Nature (Charleston, SC, 1783), 35–37.
1006
St. George Tucker, Blackstone’s Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government and of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1803), I, pt. 1, xiii. Конечно, такое количество законодательных актов в эпоху ранней республики было ничто по сравнению с тем, что происходит в современную эпоху. Например, «Дайджест» 1798 года, первая кодификация законов штата Род-Айленд, состояла из одного тома в 652 страницы. Для сравнения, Общие законы штата 1998 года состояли из тридцати томов с более чем двадцатью одной тысячей страниц текста. Patrick T. Conley, ed., Liberty and Justice: A History of Law and Lawyers in Rhode Island, 1636–1998 (East Providence, 1998), 11.
1007
Mary Sarah Bilder, «The Corporate Origins of Judicial Review», Yale Law Journal, 116 (2006), 502–66 (I owe this reference to Bruce H. Mann); Philip Hamburger, Law and Judicial Duty (Cambridge, MA, 2008).
1008
W. M. Geldart, Elements of English Law, 6th ed., rev. William Holdsworth and H. G. Hanbury (London, 1959).
1009
David Lieberman, The Province of Legislation Determined: Legal Theory in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 13, 28.
1010
«The Free Republican», Boston Independent Chronicle, 26 Jan. 1786.
1011
Moses Mather, Sermon, Preached in the Audience of the General Assembly… on the Day of Their Anniversary Election, May 10, 1781 (New London, 1781), 7–8.
1012
Charleston State Gazette of South Carolina, 8 Sept. 1784.
1013
Lynn W. Turner, William Plumer of New Hampshire, 1759–1850 (Chapel Hill, 1962), 34–35.
1014
Address of Massachusetts Convention (1780), in Oscar and Mary Handlin, eds., The Popular Sources of Political Authority: Documents on the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 437.
1015
Wilfred J. Ritz, Rewriting the History of the Judiciary Act of 1789: Exposing Myths, Challenging Premises, and Using New Evidence, ed. Wythe Hold and L.H. LaRue (Norman, OK, 1990), 36; D. Kurt Graham, «The Lower Federal Courts in the Early Republic: Rhode Island, 1790–1812» (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 2002).
1016
Это произошло в 1792 году в Род-Айленде в деле Champion and Dickason v. Casey. Два английских кредитора Сайласа Кейси обратились в федеральный окружной суд с иском о том, что принятый в 1791 году закон Род-Айленда, освобождающий Кейси от долгов на три года, нарушает положение о договоре, содержащееся в статье I, раздел 10 Конституции. Решение в пользу истцов, по словам главного историка прошлого Род-Айленда, стало «первым случаем в американской истории, когда федеральный суд отменил закон штата за нарушение Конституции Соединенных Штатов». Patrick T. Conley, First in War, Last in Peace: Rhode Island and the Constitution, 1786–1790 (Providence, 1987), 44.
1017
Dwight F. Henderson, Courts for a New Nation (Washington, DC, 1971), 30.
1018
Julius Goebel, Antecedents and Beginnings to 1801: History of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York, 1971).
1019
Ritz, Rewriting the History of the Judiciary Act of 1789, 22–23; Stephen B. Presser, The Original Misunderstanding: The English, the Americans, and the Dialectic of Federalist Jurisprudence (Durham, 1991), ch. 6.
1020
William R. Casto, The Supreme Court in the Early Republic: The Chief Justiceships of John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth (Columbia, SC, 1995), 55.
1021
Henry J. Friendly, «The Historic Basis of Diversity Jurisdiction», Harvard Law Review, 41 (1928), 498.
1022
Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 66.
1023
Carl E. Prince, The Federalists and the Origins of the U.S. Civil Service (New York, 1977), 242–47.
1024
Ralph Lerner, The Thinking Revolutionary: Principle and Practice in the New Republic (Ithaca, 1987), 91–136; Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 126–29.
1025
George L. Haskins and Herbert A. Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 1801–1815: The History of the Supreme Court of the United States of America (New York, 1981), 395.
1026
Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 164; Thomas P. Slaughter, «‘The King of Crimes’: Early American Treason Law, 1787–1860», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic»: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 91.
1027
Administrative Duties of the Judges, in Maeva Marcus et al., eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800 (New York, 1992), 4: 723–29.
1028
AH, «The Examination», 23 Feb 1802, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 531–32.
1029
Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 74–75.
1030
Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 116, 178–79.
1031
William Paterson Notes on Judicial Bill Debate, 22 June 1789, Marcus et al., eds., Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 4: 410–12, 414–16.
1032
Jay to Rufus King, 22 Dec. 1793, in Marcus et al., eds., Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 2: 434–35; Graham, «The Lower Federal Courts in the Early Republic», ch. 2.
1033
На своем ратификационном съезде в 1790 году Род-Айленд предвидел проблему, связанную с тем, что отдельные лица будут подавать иски против штата, и рекомендовал вывести такие дела из-под федеральной юрисдикции. Patrick T. Conley, Rhode Island in Rhetoric and Reflection: Public Addresses and Essays (East Providence, 2002), 92.
1034
Bradley Chapin, The American Law of Treason: Revolutionary and Early National Origins (Seattle, 1964); Slaughter, «‘The King of Crimes’», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 93–94, 97–108.
1035
В 1800 году Конгресс, в котором доминировали федералисты, наконец принял сложный и вызывавший много споров закон о банкротстве, который республиканцы правильно расценили как очередную схему федералистов, направленную на расширение покровительства исполнительной власти и консолидацию Союза. В 1801 году республиканцы немедленно отменили этот закон. Только в 1841 году федеральное правительство приняло еще один закон о банкротстве, и он просуществовал всего год. Bruce H. Mann, Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 214, 215.
1036
Presser, Original Misunderstanding, 68–69.
1037
Presser, Original Misunderstanding, 90.
1038
Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 150, 156–57; JM, Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts, 7 Jan. 1800, Madison: Writings, 640.
1039
Presser, Original Misunderstanding, 103.
1040
TJ to Edmund Randolph, 18 Aug. 1799, Jefferson: Writings, 1066.
1041
TJ to Randolph, 18 Aug. 1799, Jefferson: Writings, 1066–68.
1042
Oliver Wolcott Jr. to Fisher Ames, 29 Dec. 1799, in Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: Marshall, 121.
1043
Boston Columbia Centinel, 14 Jan. 1801, цитируется по Graham, «The Lower Federal Courts in the Early Republic», ch. 2.
1044
Kathryn Turner, «Federalist Policy and the Judiciary Act of 1801», WMQ, 22 (1965), 3–32.
1045
Kathryn Turner, «Midnight Judges», University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 109 (1961), 494–523.
1046
Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York, 1971), 15.
1047
Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (Boston, 1970), 458.
1048
Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 116.
1049
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 20–21.
1050
TJ to JM, 26 Dec. 1800, Republic of Letters, 1156; Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 33; Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: Marshall, 152.
1051
Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 119.
1052
Samuel Chase to John Marshall, 24 April 1802, in Papers of Marshall, 6: 110.
1053
Graham, «The Lower Federal Courts in the Early Republic», Ch. 2.
1054
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 52.
1055
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 49; Friendly, «Historic Basis of Diversity Jurisdiction», Harvard Law Review, 41 (1928), 483–510; Robert L. Jones, «Finishing a Friendly Argument: The Jury and the Historical Origins of Diversity Jurisdiction», New York University Law Review, 82 (2007), 997–1101.
1056
Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 462.
1057
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 75.
1058
Robert Dawidoff, The Education of John Randolph (New York, 1979), 30, 152–54.
1059
Richard E. Ellis, «The Impeachment of Samuel Chase», in Michael R. Belknap, ed., American Political Trials (Westport, ct, 1981), 70.
1060
John Marshal to Samuel Chase, 23 Jan. 1805, Papers of Marshall, 6: 347–48.
1061
Presser, Original Misunderstanding, 157; Ellis, «Impeachment of Chase», in Belknap, ed., American Political Trials, 72–73; Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 85.
1062
В Англии в XVIII веке судьи могли быть смещены по простому обращению обеих палат парламента к короне. Акт о поселении, дававший судьям право занимать должность во время хорошего поведения, распространялся только на корону. См. Saikrishna Prakash and Steven d. Smith, «how to Remove a Federal Judge», Yale Law Journal, 116 (2006), 72–137.
1063
TJ to Giles, 20 April 1807, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 9: 191; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 367–68; Gouverneur Morris to John Marshall, 26 June 1807, Papers of Marshall, 7: 54.
1064
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 229.
1065
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 234.
1066
Governor to the Assembly, 21 Nov. 1800, «Papers of the Governors, 1785–1817», ed. George Edward Reed and W. W. Griest, Pennsylvania Archives, 4th Ser. (Harrisburg, 1900) 4: 460–461.
1067
Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 80.
1068
Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 99, 141, 142.
1069
Elizabeth K. Henderson, «The Attack on the Judiciary in Pennsylvania, 1800–1810», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 61 (1937), 113–36; Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 88.
1070
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 157–70, quotation at 165.
1071
Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 133.
1072
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 173, 163–64; James Headley Peeling, «Governor McKean and the Pennsylvanian Jacobins (1799–1808)», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 54 (1930), 320–54; Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 153.
1073
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 174–81.
1074
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 179; Michael Les Benedict, «Laissez-Faire and Liberty: A Re-Evaluation of the Meaning and Origins of Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism», Law and History Review, 3 (1985), 323–26; Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 145.
1075
Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 175, 178.
1076
John R. Commons et al., eds., A Documentary History of American Industrial Society (Cleveland, 1919–1911), 3: 231–32; Christopher L. Tomlins, Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic (Cambridge, UK, 1993), 133.
1077
Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 195.
1078
Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, ma, 1977), 21, 22.
1079
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 221.
1080
Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 246.
1081
William T. Utter, «Ohio and the English Common Law», Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 16 (1929–1930), 328–31.
1082
Хотя судья Луиза Д. Брандейс в решении по делу Erie Railroad Co. (1938) заявила, что «не существует федерального общего права», в настоящее время все еще существует специализированное федеральное общее право.
1083
Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall (Boston, 1919), 4: 81.
1084
Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall: Definer of a Nation (New York, 1996), 5.
1085
Charles F. Hobson, The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law (Lawrence, KS, 1996), 15; R. Kent Newmyer, John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court (Baton Rouge, 2001), 80; Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, ed. Charles R. Williams (Columbus, OH, 1922–1926), 1: 116.
1086
Hobson, The Great Chief Justice: Marshall, 20.
1087
TJ to Monroe, 13 Apr. 1800, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 19: 120.
1088
Kathryn Turner, «The Appointment of Chief Justice Marshall», WMQ, 17 (1960), 145, 155, 157.
1089
Marshall to AH, 1 Jan 1801, Papers of Marshall, 6: 46–47; Editorial Note, ibid., 379.
1090
AH, Federalist No. 78.
1091
John Jay to JA, 2 Jan. 1801, in Maeva Marcus et al., eds., The Documentary History of the United States Supreme Court (New York, 1992) 4:664; R. Kent Newmyer, The Supreme Court Under Marshall and Taney (Arlington Heights, IL, 1968), 26, 37.
1092
Джефферсон пришел к выводу, что такая практика, когда судьи выносят единое мнение вместо нескольких мнений, была ошибочной и являлась результатом влияния лорда Мэнсфилда на Маршалла. TJ to Johnson, 27 Oct. 1822, in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Federal Edition (New York, 1905), 12: 250.
1093
Smith, John Marshall, 403.
1094
George L. Haskins and Herbert A. Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 1801–1815, vol. 2 of the Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise History of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York, 1981), 652.
1095
Smith, John Marshall, 285–86.
1096
Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: Marshall, 74.
1097
Editorial Note, United States Circuit Court for North Carolina (1803), Papers of Marshall, 6: 144.
1098
Marshall to St. George Tucker, 27 Nov. 1800, Papers of Marshall, 6: 23.
1099
Smith, John Marshall, 284 n.
1100
Stephen B. Presser, «The Original Misunderstanding»: The English, the Americans, and the Dialectic of Federalist Jurisprudence (Durham, 1991), 81, 97.
1101
Marshall to Richard Peters, 23 Nov. 1807, Papers of Marshall, 7: 165.
1102
Thomas P. Slaughter, «‘The King of Crimes’: Early American Treason Law, 1787–1860», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic»: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 110–18; Joseph Wheelan, Jefferson’s Vendetta: The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary (New York, 2005), 10.
1103
Editorial Note, United States v. Burr (1807), Papers of Marshall, 7: 3–11, quotations at 9, 10; TJ to Eppes, 28 May 1807, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 9: 67–68.
1104
Smith, John Marshall, 313; Newmyer, Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court, 157–75.
1105
Несмотря на заявление Маршалла, Конгресс, по мнению выдающегося исследователя конституции, не расширил первоначальную юрисдикцию Суда. См. Akhil Reed Amar, The American Constitution: A Biography (New York, 2005), 232–33.
1106
Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (Boston, 1970), 149.
1107
Marbury v. Madison (1803), in William Cranch, ed., U.S. Supreme Court Reports (Washington, DC, 1804), 177.
1108
Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 155.
1109
AH, Federalist No. 78.
1110
Некоторые историки утверждают, что истоки современной практики судебного пересмотра лучше всего искать не в Суде Джона Маршалла, а в истории последнего столетия или около того. Действительно, сам термин был введен в оборот только в 1910 году исследователем конституции Эдвардом Корвином. Об этих ревизионистских исследованиях см. Christopher Wolfe, The Rise of Modern Judicial Review: From Constitutional Interpretation to Judge-Made Law (New York, 1986); J. M. Sosin, The Aristocracy of the Long Robe: The Origins of Judicial Review in America (Westport, CT, 1989); Robert Lowry Clinton, Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review (Lawrence, KS, 1989). William E. Nelson, Marbury v. Madison: The Origins and Legacy of Judicial Review (Lawrence, KS, 2000) is a sensible account.
1111
Commonwealth of Va. v. Caton and Others (Nov. 1782), in Peter Call, ed., Reports of Cases Argued and Decided in the Court of Appeals of Virginia (Richmond, 1833), 4: 8. Philip Hamburger, Law and Judicial Duty (Cambridge, MA, 2008), подчеркивает степень, в которой английские и колониальные судьи уже осуществляли широкий судебный контроль, основываясь на своих традиционных представлениях об иерархическом характере права и об обязанности судей принимать решения в соответствии с законом. Поэтому, утверждает он, судьи американских штатов, оспаривавшие законодательные акты после революции, не делали ничего нового. Но, конечно, многие люди считали, что суды делают что-то новое, и горячо протестовали.
1112
Commonwealth of Va. v. Caton, in Call, ed., Reports, 4: 17–18.
1113
Richard Spaight to James Iredell, 12 Aug. 1787, in Griffith J. McRee, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell (New York, 1857–1858), 2: 169–70.
1114
Madison’s Observations on Jefferson’s Draft of a Constitution for Virginia, 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 6: 315.
1115
J. W. Gough, Fundamental Law in English Constitutional History (Oxford, 1955, 1961), 186–90, 206, 214.
1116
James Iredell to Richard Spaight, 26 Aug. 1787, McRee, Life of James Iredell, 2: 172–76.
1117
Commonwealth of Va. v. Caton, in Call, ed., Reports, 4: 17.
1118
Iredell, «To the Public», 17 Aug. 1786, in McRee, Life of Iredell, 2: 147.
1119
Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 2: 430; JM, цитируется по Maeva Marcus, «Judicial Review in the Early Republic», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 31; JM, «Helvidius No. II», 1793, in Guillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison (New York, 1900–1910), 6: 155; TJ to Spencer Roane, 6 Sept. 1819, Jefferson: Writings, 1425–28.
1120
Federalist No. 49.
1121
Sylvia Snowiss, Judicial Review and the law of the Constitution (New Haven, 1990), 74.
1122
Jeff Roedel, «Stoking the Doctrinal Furnace: Judicial Review and the New York Council of Revision», New York History, 69 (1988), 261–83.
1123
Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention, 1: 97, 73.
1124
Annals of Congress, 2nd Congress, 1st Session (April, 1792), 3: 557.
1125
Marcus, «Judicial Review», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 36–37.
1126
G. S. Rowe, «Judicial Tyrant and Vox Populi: Pennsylvanians View Their State Supreme Court, 1777–1799», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 118 (1994), 55.
1127
Hylton v. United States, 3 Dallas 171 (1796).
1128
Cooper v. Telfair, 4 Dallas 18 (1800).
1129
О традиционных полномочиях и обязанности судов общего права проводить различие между вышестоящими и нижестоящими законами см. Mary Sarah Bilder, «The Corporate Origins of Judicial Review», Yale Law Journal, 116 (2006), 502–66; Philip Hamburger, Law and Judicial Duty (Cambridge, MA, 2008); and Gordon S. Wood, «The Origins of Judicial Review», Suffolk Law Review, 22 (1988), 1293–1307.
1130
David Lieberman, The Province of Legislation Determined: Legal Theory in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 16–20.
1131
Gerald Gunther, «Judicial Review», in Leonard W. Levy, ed., Encyclopedia of the American Constitution (New York, 1986), 1055; Larry D. Kramer, The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review (New York, 2004), 150, 155.
1132
О важном различии между судебным пересмотром и судебным верховенством см. Kramer, The People Themselves, 139–40, 143, 210.
1133
L. H. LaRue, Constitutional Law as Fiction: Narrative in the Rhetoric of Authority (University Park, PA, 1995), 56–69.
1134
Marbury v. Madison (1803), in William Cranch, ed., U.S. Supreme Court Reports (Washington, DC, 1804), 177.
1135
TJ to Phillip Mazzei, 28 Nov. 1785, to John Brown Cutting, 2 Oct. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 67–72; 13: 649; to JM, 17 Feb. 1826, Jefferson: Writings, 1513–14.
1136
Opinion, Livingston v. Jefferson, 5 Dec. 1811, Papers of Marshall, 7: 284; Hobson, The Great Chief Justice: Marshall, 37.
1137
AH, Federalist No. 78.
1138
James Wilson, «Lectures on Law» (1790–1791), The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 293.
1139
William A. Robinson, Jeffersonian Democracy in New England (New Haven, 1916), 120.
1140
О широком распространении судебного пересмотра в 1790-х годах см. William E. Nelson, «Changing Conceptions of Judicial Review: The Evolution of Constitutional Theory in the States, 1790–1860», University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 120 (1972), 1166, 1169–70; Marcus, «Judicial Review», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 25–53; Kramer, The People Themselves, 148.
1141
Marcus, «Judicial Review», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 36–37.
1142
Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History (Boston, 1937), 1: 52–53, 110–11.
1143
Anaton-Hermann Chroust, The Rise of the Legal Profession in America (Norman, OK, 1965), 2: 75–77.
1144
Chroust, Rise of the Legal Profession, 2: 36–37, 173–223.
1145
Haskins, «Law Versus Politics», University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (1981), 24.
1146
Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 322–31.
1147
Everett Somerville Brown, ed., William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807 (London, 1923), 269; C. Peter Magrath, Yazoo: Law and Politics in the New Republic: The Case of Fletcher v. Peck (New York, 1967).
1148
Carl Brent Swisher, American Constitutional Development, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA, 1954), 153–54; Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 597.
1149
Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 21.
1150
Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, 23.
1151
William E. Nelson, Americanization of The Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760–1830 (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 172; Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, 23–26.
1152
По этому вопросу см. Gordon S. Wood, «The History of Rights in Early America», in Barry Alan Shain, ed., The Nature of Rights at the American Founding and Beyond (Charlottesville, 2007), 233–57.
1153
Marbury v. Madison (1803), in Cranch, ed., U.S. Supreme Court Reports, 166, 167;
1154
TJ to JM, 15 March 1789, Republic of Letters, 587.
1155
St. George Tucker, Blackstone’s Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government and of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1803), I, pt. 1, xxv.
1156
Marshall to C. C. Pinckney, 21 Nov. 1802, Papers of Marshall, 6: 125.
1157
Marshall to Timothy Pickering, 28 Feb. 1811, Papers of Marshall, 7: 270.
1158
Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, 31–62. For Marshall’s conception of property, see Richard A. Brisbin Jr., «John Marshall and the Nature of Law in the Early Republic», Va. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 98 (1990), 62–71; Edward S. Corwin, «The Basic Doctrine of American Constitutional Law», Michigan Law Review, 12 (1914), 247–76.
1159
Haskins, «Law Versus Politics», 19–20.
1160
Когда на Филадельфийском конвенте Джеймс Мэдисон предложил наделить федеральное правительство прямыми полномочиями по выдаче инкорпоративных хартий, рамочники решили уладить этот вопрос, ничего не говоря в Конституции об инкорпорации, опасаясь вызвать народную оппозицию «меркантильным монополиям». Frank Bourgin, The Great Challenge: The Myth of Laissez-Faire in the Early Republic (New York, 1989), 44.
1161
Pennsylvania Packet, 2, 10 Sept. 1783, 7, 23 Aug., 25 Sept. 1786; Hendrik Hartog, Public Property and Private Power: The Corporation of the City of New York in American Law, 1730–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1983), 90.
1162
[James Sullivan], The Path to Riches: An Inquiry into the Origin and Use of Money; and into the Principles of Stocks and Banks (Boston, 1792), 37–38, 10, 43.
1163
Thomas Cochran, Frontiers of Change: Early Industrialization in America (New York, 1981), 21; Hartog, Public Property and Private Power, 153; [Samuel Blodget], Economica: A Statistical Manual for the United States of America (Washington, DC, 1806), 17; Johann A. Neem, Creating a Nation of Joiners: Democracy and Civil Society in Early National Massachusetts (Cambridge, MA, 2008), 62.
1164
Oscar and Mary Handlin, Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy: Massachusetts, 1774–1861 (Cambridge, MA, 1947, 1969), 106–33; E. Merrick Dodd, American Business Corporations until 1860, with Special Reference to Massachusetts (Cambridge, MA, 1954); Ronald E. Seavoy, The Origins of the American Business Corporation, 1784–1855: Broadening the Concept of Public Service During Industrialization (Westport, CT, 1982); Pauline Maier, «The Revolutionary Origins of the American Corporation», WMQ, 50 (1993), 68–69.
1165
Sylvia Snowiss, «Text and Principle in John Marshall’s Constitutional Law: the Cases of Marbury and Mccullough», John Marshall Law Review, 33 (2000), 990.
1166
В 1776 году большинство конституций штатов, принятых в эпоху Революции, не предусматривали справедливой компенсации за изъятие частной собственности государством. Однако после принятия Пятой поправки к федеральной Конституции в 1791 году это положение было прямо добавлено почти во все конституции штатов, впоследствии принятых в Союз, а там, где оно отсутствовало в конституциях первоначальных штатов, его часто добавляли путем судебного толкования. J.A.C. Grant, «The ‘Higher Law’ Background of the Law of Eminent Domain», Wisconsin Law Review, 6 (1930–1931), 70.
1167
Mathew Carey, ed., Debates and Proceedings of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania… (Philadelphia, 1786), 11–12.
1168
AH, «The Examination», 23 Feb. 1802, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 533. Эдвард С. Корвин назвал защиту закрепленных прав «основной доктриной американского конституционного права». Corwin, «The Basic Doctrine of American Constitutional Law», Michigan Law Review, 12 (1914), 247–76.
1169
Harry N. Scheiber, «Public Rights and the Rule of Law in American Legal History», California Law Review, 72 (1984), 217–51; Neem, Creating a Nation of Joiners, 58–64; John S. Whitehead, The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Yale, 1776–1876 (New Haven, 1973), 16–21.
1170
R. Kent Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story: Statesman of the Old Republic (Chapel Hill, 1985), 127–37; Newmyer, Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court, 246–50.
1171
Debates in the Senate of the United States on the Judiciary During the first Session of the Seventh Congress (Philadelphia, 1802), 39; Snowiss, «Text and Principle in John Marshall’s Constitutional Law», John Marshall Law Review, 33 (2000), 991–92.
1172
TJ to William Plumer, 21 July 1816, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 15: 46–47. К началу 1820-х годов Джефферсон пришел к убеждению, что федеральная судебная власть, отнюдь не являющаяся, по словам Гамильтона, «наименее опасной» ветвью власти, «стала самой опасной ветвью» правительства США, «понемногу разрушая основы конституции и добиваясь ее изменения путем строительства». AH, Federalist No. 78; TJ to M. Coray, 31 Oct. 1823, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 15: 486–87.
1173
Sandra F. Vanburkleo, «‘The Paws of Banks’: The Origins and Significance of Kentucky’s Decision to Tax Federal Bankers, 1818–1820», JER, 9 (1989), 480–87; Sandra F. VanBurkleo, «‘That Our Pure Republican Principles Might Not Wither’: Kentucky’s Relief Crisis and the Pursuit of Moral Justice, 1818–1826» (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1988), ch. 6.
1174
L. Ray Gunn, The Decline of Authority: Public Economic Policy and Political Development in New York, 1800–1860 (Ithaca, 1988).
1175
William J. Novak, The People’s Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill, 1996), 15, 88.
1176
Joel Barlow, Oration, Delivered at Washington, July Fourth, 1809; at the Request of the Democratic Citizens of the District of Columbia (Washington, DC, 1809), 3–6, 9.
1177
Donald J. D’Elia, «Dr. Benjamin Rush and the American Medical Revolution», American Philosophical Society, Proc., 110 (1966), 70, 101.
1178
Jacqueline S. Reinier, «Rearing the Republican Child: Attitudes and Practices in Post-Revolutionary Philadelphia», WMQ, 39 (1982), 155.
1179
В ряде необычных романов, написанных в 1790-х годах, писатель Чарльз Брокден Браун исследовал, как ненадежность чувственных впечатлений может повлиять на распространение «фальши и диссимуляции» в Америке. Colin Jeffery Morris, «To ‘Shut Out the World’: Political Alienation and the Privatized Self in the Early Life and Works of Charles Brockden Brown, 1776–1794», JER, 24 (2004), 624.
1180
Simeon Doggett, A Discourse on Education (1797), in Frederick Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education in the Early Republic (Cambridge, MA, 1965), 155–56.
1181
James Axtell, The School upon a Hill: Education and Society in Colonial New England (New Haven, 1974), 184.
1182
William Smith, The History of the Province of New York, ed. Michael Kammen (Cambridge, MA, 1972), 194.
1183
Donald Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War (New York, 1932).
1184
BR, «Education Agreeable to a Republican Form of Government» (1786), in Dagobert D. Runes, ed., The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush (New York, 1947), 98–99, 92; Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience, 1783–1876 (New York, 1980), 116–17.
1185
TJ said as much in a letter to George Wythe, 13 Aug. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 244.
1186
Dumas Malone, Jefferson the Virginian (Boston, 1948), 282–83.
1187
Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860 (New York, 1983), 33–35.
1188
Noah Webster, On the Education of Youth in America (1790), in Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education, 59.
1189
BR, «Of the Mode of Education Proper in a Republic» (1798), in Runes, ed., Selected Writings of Rush, 90, 88.
1190
J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 97, 104–9.
1191
Daniel Walker Howe, «Church, State, and Education in the Young American Republic», JER, 22 (2002), 1–24.
1192
BR to Richard Price, 25 May 1786, Letters of Rush, 1: 388–90.
1193
Editorial Note, Letters of Rush, 1: lxvii.
1194
George W. Corner, ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush (1948; Westport, CT, 1970), 161; D’Elia, «Rush and the American Medical Revolution», 101–2; BR, «The Influence of Physical Causes upon the Moral Faculty» (1786), in Runes, ed., Selected Writings of Rush, 209.
1195
David S. Shields, Civil Tongues and Polite Letters in British America (Chapel Hill, 1997), 316–17.
1196
Richard L. Bushman, «The Early History of Cleanliness in America», JAH, 74 (1988), 1215–17; Kathleen M. Brown, Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America (New Haven, 2009).
1197
Russell B. Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 134; Konstantin Dierks, «Letter Writing, Gender, and Class in America, 1750–1800» (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1999), ch. 7.
1198
Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999), 169.
1199
Shields, Civil Tongues and Polite Letters, 322–23.
1200
Richard D. Brown, The Strength of a People: The Idea of an Informed Citizenry in America, 1650–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1996), 85–118.
1201
Louis L. Tucker, Clio’s Consort: Jeremy Belknap and the Founding of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Boston, 1990), 95.
1202
Len Travers, «‘In the Greatest Solemn Dignity’: The Capitol Cornerstone and Ceremony in the Early Republic», Steven C. Bullock, «‘Sensible Signs’: The Emblematic Education of the Post-Revolutionary Freemasonry», and James Steven Curl, «The Capitol in Washington, D.C., and Its Freemason Connections», all in Donald R. Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic (Charlottesville, 1999), 155–76, 177–213, 214–67.
1203
Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines 1741–1850 (New York, 1930), 28–38.
1204
Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, MA, 1995), 50, 8, 54, 17–18.
1205
John, Spreading the News, 3, 4, 25–63.
1206
Allen R. Pred, Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information: The United States System of Cities, 1790–1840 (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 36–42; John, Spreading the News, 17–18; Brown, Strength of a People, 85–118.
1207
John, Spreading the News, 36–42.
1208
Alfred M. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America (New York, 1937), 715–17; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of American Newspapers in the United States Through 250 Years, 1690–1940 (New York, 1941), 159, 167; Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought, 3rd ed. (New York, 1964), 209; Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany, 1969), 15, 624.
1209
Richard R. John and Christopher J. Young, «Rites of Passage: Postal Petitioning as a Tool of Governance in the Age of Federalism», in Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon, eds., The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development (Athens, OH, 2002), 129.
1210
J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 56–63.
1211
TJ, Message to Congress, 19 Feb. 1808, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897 (Washington, DC, 1900), 1: 429.
1212
Wallace Hutcheon Jr., Robert Fulton: Pioneer of Undersea Warfare (Annapolis, 1981), 114–15.
1213
Hutcheon, Robert Fulton, 4–15, 114–15.
1214
Hutcheon, Robert Fulton, 117.
1215
Kenneth L. Sokoloff, «Inventive Activity in Early Industrial America: Evidence from Patent Records», Journal of Economic History, 48 (1988), 813–50.
1216
TJ, Sixth Annual Message, 2 Dec. 1806, Jefferson: Writings, 529.
1217
John Lauritz Larson, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (Chapel Hill, 2001), 67–68.
1218
Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1992), 192.
1219
TJ to Maria Cosway, 12 Oct. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 447–48.
1220
Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781–1789 (New York, 1950), 141.
1221
Conrad E. Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Post-Revolutionary New England (Boston, 1992), 63.
1222
Edward Dorr Griffin, Sermon, Preached August 11, 1811, for the Benefit of the Portsmouth Female Asylum (Boston, 1811), 16.
1223
American Museum, 5 (1789), 555; Richard D. Brown, «The Emergence of Urban Society in Rural Massachusetts, 1760–1820», JAH, 61 (1974), 29–51; Richard D. Brown, «The Emergence of Voluntary Associations in Massachusetts, 1760–1830», Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 2 (1973), 64–73; Albrecht Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together»: Associations, Partisanship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840 (Charlottesville, 2007).
1224
BR, «To the Ministers of All Denominations», 21 June 1788, Letters of Rush, 1: 461–62; Lyman Beecher, A Reformation of Morals Practicable and Indispensable: A Sermon Delivered at New Haven on the Evening of October 27, 1812 (Andover, MA, 1814), 18.
1225
«Formation and Constitution of the Columbia Moral Society», Columbia Magazine, 1 (1814–1815), 179–85.
1226
Dewitt Clinton, An Address, Delivered Before the Holland Lodge, December 24, 1793 (New York, 1794), 15.
1227
Raymond A. Mohl, Poverty in New York, 1783–1825 (New York, 1971), 166.
1228
M. J. Heale, «Humanitarianism in the Early Republic: The Moral Reformers of New York, 1776–1825», Journal of American Studies, 2 (1968), 161–75; Clare A. Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (Chapel Hill, 2006), 321–22, 354–95.
1229
Oliver Wendell Elsbree, The Rise of the Missionary Spirit in America, 1790–1815 (Williamsport, PA, 1928), 63.
1230
Elsbree, Rise of the Missionary Spirit, 64.
1231
William R. Hutchison, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago, 1987), 43–61.
1232
Recollections of Samuel Breck, ed. H. E. Scudder (Philadelphia, 1877), 36–37; Linda Kealey, «Patterns of Punishment in Massachusetts in the Eighteenth Century», American Journal of Legal History, 30 (1986), 163–76.
1233
Louis Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776–1865 (New York, 1989), 72.
1234
Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York, 2007), 76.
1235
Masur, Rites of Execution, 37.
1236
Masur, Rites of Execution, 77; American Museum, 7 (March 1790), 137.
1237
Masur, Rites of Execution, 72.
1238
TJ, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital (1776–1786), Papers of Jefferson, 2: 492–507.
1239
Masur, Rites of Execution, 65, 71, 80–82, 88, 87; Adam J. Hirsch, «From Pillory to Penitentiary: The Rise of Criminal Incarceration in Early Massachusetts», Michigan Law Review, 80 (1982), 1179–269; Linda Kealey, «Patterns of Punishment: Massachusetts in the Eighteenth Century», American Journal of Legal History, 30 (1986), 1631–76; Michael Meranze, «The Penitential Ideal in Late Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 108 (1984), 419–50; Bradley Chapin, «Felony Law Reform in the Early Republic», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 113 (1989), 163–83; Thomas Paine, Rights of Man (1791), in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 265–66; Hunt, Inventing Human Rights, 112.
1240
Michael Meranze, Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760–1835 (Chapel Hill, 1996), 71; Masur, Rites of Execution, 82.
1241
Adam Jay Hirsch, The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America (New Haven, 1992), 61–66.
1242
John Melish, Travels Through the United States of America in the Years 1806 and 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811 (London, 1813), 124.
1243
Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill, 1985), 3; JA, Diary and Autobiography, 1: 123.
1244
Christopher Clark, Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War (Chicago, 2006), 71.
1245
Abigail Adams to JA, 31 March 1776, in Margaret A. Hogan and C. James Taylor, eds., My Dearest Friend: Letters of Abigail and John Adams (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 110.
1246
Mary Kelley, Private Women, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1984), 65.
1247
David C. Ward, Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic (Berkeley, 2004), 136–39.
1248
Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800 (Boston, 1980) 240–41, 235.
1249
George Sensabaugh, Milton in Early America (Princeton, 1964), 195–217.
1250
Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill, 1980); Jan Lewis, «The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic», WMQ, 44 (1987), 689–712.
1251
Frank L. Dewey, «Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Divorce», WMQ, 39 (1982), 212–23; Nancy F. Cott, «Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts», WMQ, 33 (1976), 586–614; Sheldon S. Cohen, «The Broken Bond: Divorce in Providence County, 1749–1809», in Patrick T. Conley, ed., Liberty and Justice: A History of Law and Lawyers in Rhode Island, 1636–1998 (East Providence, 1998), 224–37; Mary Beth Sievens, Stray Wives: Marital Conflict in Early National New England (New York, 2005); Sarah Leavitt, «‘She Hath Left My Bed and Board’: Runaway Wives in Rhode Island, 1790–1810», Rhode Island History, 58 (2000), 91–104; Sara Tabak Damiano, «From the Shadows of the Bar: Law and Women’s Legal Literacy in Eighteenth-Century Newport» (Honors thesis, Brown University, 2008), 122–54.
1252
Stanley N. Katz, «Republicanism and the Law of Inheritance in the American Revolutionary Era», Michigan Law Review, 76 (1977), 1–29; Holly Brewer, By Birth or Consent: Children, Law, and the Anglo-American Revolution in Authority (Chapel Hill, 2005).
1253
Frank Luther Mott, Golden Multitudes: The Story of Best Sellers in the United States (New York, 1960), 40, 30; James D. Hart, The Popular Book: A History of America’s Literary Taste (Berkeley, 1961), 61; Lewis, «Republican Wife», 696.
1254
Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, MA, 2000), 173.
1255
Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution Against Patriarchal Authority, 1750–1800 (Cambridge, MA, 1982), 86–87.
1256
Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 236.
1257
Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, 26–27.
1258
Jon Kukla, Mr. Jefferson’s Women (New York, 2007), 167–72; Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York, 2007), 433.
1259
Linda Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays (Chapel Hill, 1997), 35.
1260
Rosemarie Zagarri, «The Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», WMQ, 55 (1998), 210; Rosemarie Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Rights in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 2007).
1261
Larry E. Tise, The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800 (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 178–83.
1262
Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, 23; Martha Tomhave Blauvelt, The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780–1830 (Charlottesville, 2007).
1263
Marylynn Salmon, «Republican Sentiments, Economic Change, and the Property Rights of Women in American Law», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Women in the Age of the American Revolution (Charlottesville, 1989), 450–51.
1264
Zagarri, «Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», 225.
1265
Zagarri, «Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», 217.
1266
Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, 36.
1267
Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy, Commentary and Review of Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws (Philadelphia, 1811), 72; Joseph Hopkinson, Annual Discourse, Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1810), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 337.
1268
Lewis, «Republican Wife», 689–721; James Fordyce, Sermons to Young Women: A New Edition (Philadelphia, 1787), 20; Hopkinson, Annual Discourse, in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 337.
1269
Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (Charlottesville, 2000), 4–101; Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash.
1270
Lewis, «Republican Wife», 689–721.
1271
Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash, 177.
1272
Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, 29.
1273
BR, «Thoughts upon Female Education» (1787), in Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education, 36.
1274
Zagarri, «Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», 218.
1275
Doggett, Discourse on Education (1797), in Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education, 159; Bullock, «‘Sensible Signs,’ in Kennon», ed., A Republic for the Ages, 196.
1276
Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 271–72.
1277
Mary Kelley, Learning to Stand and Speak: Women, Education, and Public Life in America’s Republic (Chapel Hill, 2006).
1278
Zagarri, «Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», 224, 226.
1279
Tise, American Counterrevolution, 161–63.
1280
Alfred F. Young, Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier (New York, 2004), 202.
1281
Young, Masquerade, 220, 221, 223, 224.
1282
Charles Brockden Brown, Alcuin: A Dialogue (New York, 1798), 57–59; Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, 37.
1283
David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 184; TJ to Gallatin, 13 Jan. 1813, in Henry Adams, ed., The Writings of Albert Gallatin (Philadelphia, 1879), 1: 328.
1284
Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York, 2007), 207.
1285
Как отмечает Дэвид Брион Дэвис, «французский ученый Раймон Мони считает, что между 600 и 1800 годами в мусульманские регионы было вывезено до четырнадцати миллионов африканских рабов». Davis, Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 10.
1286
См. «New Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade», to which the entire issue of January 2001 of the WMQ, 58 (2001), is devoted.
1287
Philip Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and the Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), 165.
1288
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 148.
1289
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 170–75; Robert F. Dalzell Jr. and Lee Baldwin Dalzell, George Washington’s Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America (New York, 1998), 132–33; Lorena S. Walsh, «Slave Life, Slave Society, and Tobacco Production in the Tidewater Chesapeake, 1620–1820», in Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville, 1993), 170–99; Sarah S. Hughes, «Slaves for Hire: The Allocation of Black Labor in Elizabeth City County, Virginia, 1782 to 1810», WMQ, 35 (1978), 260–86.
1290
Isaac Weld, Travels Through the States of North America (London, 1799), 1: 147.
1291
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 148.
1292
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 49–50.
1293
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 79, 594; Philip Morgan, «Black Society in the Lowcountry, 1760–1810», in Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution (Charlottesville, 1983), 89; John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Ante-Bellum South (New York, 1972), 17–40; Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton, 1991), 41–42; Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York, 1977); Shane White and Graham White, The Sounds of Slavery: Discovering African American History Through Songs, Sermons, and Speech (Boston, 2005).
1294
John Campbell, «As ‘A Kind of Freeman’? Slaves’ Market Related Activities in the South Carolina Up Country, 1800–1860», in Berlin and Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture, 244.
1295
Dalzell and Dalzell, George Washington’s Mount Vernon, 129, 212–13.
1296
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 393; Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968), 228–34.
1297
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 258.
1298
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 405–7.
1299
Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York, 2008), собрал огромное количество убедительных доказательств того, что Джефферсон содержал Салли Хемингс в качестве своей наложницы.
1300
Lucia C. Stanton, «‘Those Who Labor for My Happiness’: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves», in Peter S. Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies (Charlottesville, 1993), 155, 150.
1301
Stanton, «‘Those Who Labor for my Happiness’», in Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies, 158, 160; TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 162.
1302
Gary B. Nash, «Slaves and Slaveowners in Colonial Philadelphia», WMQ, 30 (1973), 237; Shane White, Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1770–1810 (Athens, GA, 1991), 16.
1303
Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and «Race» in New England, 1780–1860 (Ithaca, 1998).
1304
William D. Pierson, Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England (Amherst, MA, 1988), 15.
1305
Gary B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America (New York, 2005), 32.
1306
Samuel Johnson, Taxation No Tyranny (1775), in Samuel Johnson: Political Writings, ed. Donald J. Greene (New Haven, 1977), 454; James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonists Asserted and Proved (1764), in Bernard Bailyn, ed., Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750–1776 (Cambridge, MA, 1965), 1: 439.
1307
Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 239.
1308
TJ, A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774), Jefferson: Writings, 115–16.
1309
Gary B. Nash, Race and Revolution (Madison, WI, 1990), 9; BR to Granville Sharp, 1Nov. 1774, in John A. Woods, ed., «The Correspondence of Benjamin Rush and Granville Sharp, 1773–1809», Journal of American Studies, 1 (1967), 13.
1310
Jefferson to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, 26 June 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 63; Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 2.
1311
Примеры таких антирабовладельческих выражений см. James G. Basker et al., eds., Early American Abolitionists: A Collection of Anti-Slavery Writings, 1760–1820 (New York, 2005).
1312
Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds., The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties (Madison, WI, 1992), 202.
1313
Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA, 1998), 232.
1314
Berlin, Many Thousands Gone, 232.
1315
James Wilson, 3 Dec. 1787, The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution: Ratification by the States: Pennsylvania, ed. Merrill Jensen et al., (Madison, WI, 1976), 2: 463.
1316
White, Somewhat More Independent, 51.
1317
Lorena S. Walsh, From Calabar to Carter’s Grove: The History of a Virginia Slave Community (Charlottesville, 1997), 129.
1318
Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 415–18, 428–33, 652–54; Duncan J. MacLeod, Slavery, Race and the American Revolution (Cambridge, UK, 1974), 29.
1319
Douglas R. Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (Chapel Hill, 1993), 13.
1320
Berlin, Many Thousands Gone, 281; Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 13.
1321
Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 25–26, 31, 34.
1322
Philip Morgan, «Black Society in the Lowcountry, 1760–1810», in Berlin and Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution, 114–15, 124–25. Тем не менее, по сравнению с Верхним Югом, число свободных негров в Южной Каролине было ничтожно мало: к 1800 году в штате проживало всего около трех тысяч свободных негров. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 491.
1323
GW to Robert Lewis, 17 Aug. 1799, Papers of Washington: Retirement Ser., 4: 256.
1324
Richard S. Newman, «Prelude to the Gag Rule: Southern Reaction to Antislavery Petitions in the First Federal Congress», JER, 16 (1996), 571–72; JM to BR, 20 Mar. 1790, Papers of Madison, 13: 109.
1325
GW to John Francis Mercer, 9 Sept 1786, Washington: Writings, 607; Charles Rappleye, Sons of Providence: The Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution (New York, 2006), 297.
1326
Richard S. Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic (Chapel Hill, 2002), 33; Эллсворт цитируется по J. J. Spengler, «Malthusianism in Late Eighteenth-Century America», American Economic Review, 25 (1935), 705.
1327
Jay Coughtry, The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the Slave Trade, 1700–1807 (Philadelphia, 1981); Stanley Lemons, «Rhode Island and the Slave Trade», Rhode Island History, 60 (2002), 95–104; Steven Doyle, Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York, 2005), 19.
1328
Richard S. Dunn, «Black Society in the Chesapeake, 1776–1810», in Berlin and Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution, 49–82.
1329
James Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 11.
1330
Broussard, Southern Federalists, 89–90, 235–40, 364–68, 371–73, 377–81, 390–91.
1331
George C. Rogers Jr., Charleston in the Age of the Pinckneys (Columbia, SC, 1969).
1332
David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, Daily Life in the Early Republic, 1790–1820: Creating a New Nation (Westport, CT, 2004), 68.
1333
William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854 (New York, 1990), 220.
1334
Rothman, Slave Country, 47–51.
1335
Rothman, Slave Country, 77–78, 83, 94; Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South (Lexington, KY, 1953); John G. Clark, New Orleans, 1718–1812: An Economic History (Baton Rouge, 1970), 219, 275.
1336
James K. Paulding, «Slaves and Rivermen: Western Virginia, 1816», in Warren S. Tyron, ed., A Mirror for Americans: Life and Manners in the United States, 1790–1870, as Recorded by American Travelers (Chicago, 1952), 259.
1337
Drew R. Mccoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 222–23.
1338
Robin L. Einhorn, American Taxation, American Slavery (Chicago, 2006), 220, 232, 249, 236; Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, «A New Meaning for Turner’s Frontier: Part II: The Southwest Frontier and New England», Political Science Quarterly, 69 (1954), 572–76.
1339
Garry Wills, ‘Negro President’: Jefferson and the Slave Power (Boston, 2003).
1340
Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860 (Baton Rouge, 2000); Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery (New York, 2001).
1341
Donald R. Wright, African Americans in the Early Republic, 1789–1831 (Arlington Heights, IL, 1993), 89; David P. Geggus, ed., The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World (Columbia, SC, 2001).
1342
James Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810 (Cambridge, UK, 1997), 39–48; Donald Robinson, Slavery in the Structure of American Politics (New York, 1979), 364.
1343
Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 15.
1344
Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 40.
1345
Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 49, 51; Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords, 97.
1346
Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 102.
1347
Монро спикеру Генеральной Ассамблеи, 5 декабря 1800 г., в Stanislaus M. Hamilton, ed., Writings of James Monroe (New York, 1900), 3: 208–9.
1348
Fredericksburg Virginia Herald, 22 Sept. 1800, in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 361.
1349
Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 114.
1350
Duncan J. MacLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution (Cambridge, UK, 1974), 155–58; Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York, 1975), 36–41; Jordan, White over Black, 580.
1351
David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (Ithaca, 1975), 196.
1352
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. Peden, 138–43.
1353
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. Peden, 138–43; TJ to James Monroe, 24 Nov. 1801, to Edward Coles, 25 Aug. 1814, Jefferson: Writings, 270, 1097, 1345.
1354
Duncan J. MacLeod, «Toward Caste», in Berlin and Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom, 235.
1355
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. Peden, 138.
1356
JM, Memorandum on an African Colony for Freed Slaves, ca. 20 Oct. 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 438.
1357
Clare A. Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (Chapel Hill, 2006), 224, 355; MacLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution, 163; Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860 (Chicago, 1961), 81.
1358
Harvey Strum, «Property Qualifications and Voting Behavior in New York, 1807–1816», JER, 1 (1981), 360–61; Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 (Chicago, 2003), 58–60.
1359
Russell B. Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 257; Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Edward Waldo Emerson and Waldo Emerson Forbes (Boston, 1909–14), 8: 339.
1360
Linda Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, 1970), 3n; Catherine O’Donnell Kaplan, Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forums of Citizenship (Chapel Hill, 2008).
1361
TJ to John Hollis, 19 Feb. 1809, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 12: 252–54; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 661.
1362
О космополитизме революционеров см. Arthur L. Ford, Joel Barlow (New York, 1971), 27, 31, 59, 61; and Allan Guttman, «Copley, Peale, Trumbull: A Note on Loyalty», American Quarterly, 11 (1959), 178–83.
1363
Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999), 165–66.
1364
Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 50; David Ramsay, An Oration on the Advantages of American Independence (1778), in Robert L. Brunehouse, ed., «David Ramsay, 1740–1815: Selections from His Writings», American Philosophical Society, Trans., 55 (1965), 185.
1365
Kenneth Silverman, A Cultural History of the American Revolution (New York, 1976), 10.
1366
Беркли цитируется по Lewis P. Simpson, ed., The Federalist Literary Mind: Selections from the Monthly Anthology and Boston Review, 1803–1811 (Baton Rouge, 1962), 34.
1367
Silverman, Cultural History of the American Revolution, 10–11; Joseph J. Ellis, After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture (New York, 1979), 7.
1368
Andrew Burnaby, Travels Through the Middle Settlements in North America: In the Years 1759 and 1760 (1775; Ithaca, 1960). В начале XIX века Джон Адамс вспоминал, что с тех пор, как он был молодым юристом в Массачусетсе, он часто замечал, что «искусства, науки и империя движутся на запад» и что «следующий скачок будет через Атлантику в Америку». JA to BR, 21 May 1807, in Adams, ed., Works, 9: 600.
1369
Silverman, Cultural History of the American Revolution, 230.
1370
Ezra Stiles, «Election Sermon» (1783), in John Wingate Thornton, ed., The Pulpit of the American Revolution; or, the Political Sermons of the Period (Boston, 1876), 460.
1371
О неоклассицизме см. Hugh Honour, Neo-Classicism (Harmondsworth, UK, 1968), and the exhibition catalogue of the Royal Academy and the Victoria & Albert Museum, The Age of Neo-Classicism (London, 1972).
1372
Об этих культурных изменениях см. R. G. Saisselin, «The Transformation of Art into Culture: From Pascal to Diderot», in Theodore Besterman, ed., Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 70 (Geneva, 1970), 3–25; R. G. Saisselin, «Tivoli Revisited or the Triumph of Culture», in Paul Fritz and David Williams, eds., The Triumph of Culture: Eighteenth-Century Perspectives (Toronto, 1972), 3–25; J. H. Plumb, «The Public, Literature and the Arts in the Eighteenth Century», ibid., 27–48; and Robert Rosenblum, Transformations in Late Eighteenth-Century Art (Princeton, 1970).
1373
JA to Abigail Adams, 9 Oct. 1774, 25 April 1778, April-May 1780, in Lyman Butterfield et al., eds., The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762–1784 (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 79, 210, 256; Neil Harris, The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790–1860 (New York, 1966), 33–34; Wendell D. Garrett, «John Adams and the Limited Role of the Fine Arts», Winterthur Portfolio, 1 (1964), 243–55.
1374
Stanley Grean, Shaftesbury’s Philosophy of Religion and Ethics: A Study in Enthusiasm (Athens, OH, 1967), 250; Lawrence Klein, «The Third Earl of Shaftesbury and the Progress of Politeness», Eighteenth-Century Studies, 18 (1984–85), 186–214.
1375
Винкельманн цитируется по Eric Slauter, «Neoclassical Culture in a Society with Slaves: Race and Rights in the Age of Wheatley», Early American Studies (Spring 2004), 101.
1376
Caroline Winterer, «From Royal to Republican: The Classical Image in Early America», JAH, 91 (2005), 1264–90; Caroline Winterer, The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910 (Baltimore, 2002); Meyer Reinhold, ed., The Classick Pages: Classical Readings of Eighteenth-Century Americans (University Park, PA, 1975); Carl J. Richard, The Founders and the Classics: Greece, Rome, and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA, 1994).
1377
Constantin François Volney, A New Translation of Volney’s Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolution of Empire (Paris, 1802); American Museum, 8 (1790), 174–76; J. Meredith Neil, Toward a National Taste: America’s Quest for Aesthetic Independence (Honolulu, 1975), 143.
1378
Helmut von Erffa and Allen Staley, The Paintings of Benjamin West (New Haven, 1986), 9.
1379
«Letters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, 1739–1776», Massachusetts Historical Society, Coll., 71 (1914), 661–66.
1380
Trumbull to TJ, 11 June 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 15: 176–79; Irma B. Jaffe, John Trumbull: Patriot Artist of the American Revolution (Boston, 1975).
1381
Harris, Artist in American Society, 42.
1382
Massachusetts Magazine, 4 (1792), 434.
1383
Neil, Toward A National Taste, 145.
1384
GW to Lafayette, 28 May 1788, Washington: Writings, 680–81.
1385
Frank H. Sommer, «Emblem and Device: The Origin of the Great Seal of the United States», Art Quarterly, 24 (1961), 57–77; Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, 132–34; Steven C. Bullock, «‘Sensible Signs’: The Emblematic Education of Post-Revolutionary Freemasonry», in Donald R. Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic (Charlottesville, 1999), 203, 210.
1386
Ellis, After the Revolution, 51.
1387
David C. Ward, Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic (Berkeley, 2004), 146.
1388
Neil, Toward a National Taste, 57–58; Ward, Peale, 16–17.
1389
Lillian B. Miller, Patrons and Patriotism: The Encouragement of the Fine Arts in the United States, 1790–1860 (Chicago, 1966), 90.
1390
Ward, Peale, 103–4.
1391
Charles Willson Peale, Discourse Introductory to a Course of Lectures on the Science of Nature (1800), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 224, 225; David R. Brigham, Public Culture in the Early Republic: Peale’s Museum and Its Audience (Washington, DC, 1995), 36; Charles Coleman Sellers, Mr. Peale’s Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art (New York, 1980), 26–27; Sidney Hart, «‘To Encrease the Comforts of Life’: Charles Willson Peale and the Mechanical Arts», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog. 110 (1986), 323–57; Ward, Peale, 105–7.
1392
John Saillant, «The American Enlightenment», Eighteenth-Century Studies, 31 (1998), 264.
1393
Kenneth R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Ideas and Location of the American Capital (Fairfax, VA, 1991), 5.
1394
О революционных усилиях во Франции см. James A. Leith, The Idea of Art as Propaganda in France, 1750–1799 (Toronto, 1965); David Lloyd Dowd, Pageant Master of the Republic: Jacques-Louis David and the French Revolution (Lincoln, NE, 1948).
1395
David Humphreys, «Poem on the Industry of the United States of America» (1804), in Vernon Louis Parrington, ed., The Connecticut Wits (New York, 1954, new ed. 1969), 401.
1396
John W. Reps, Monumental Washington: The Planning and Development of the Capital Center (Princeton, 1967), ch. 1.
1397
Neil, Toward a National Taste, 150–51.
1398
TJ to William Buchanan and James Hay, 26 Jan. 1786, to JM, 20 Sept. 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 220–22, 8: 534–35.
1399
Lawrence J. Friedman, Inventors of the Promised Land (New York, 1975), 9; Jeffrey H. Richards, Drama, Theater, and Identity in the American New Republic (Cambridge, UK, 2005), 2, 4; Heather Nathans, Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 86; Edward J. Nygren and Bruce Robertson, eds., Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830 (Washington, DC, 1986), 25, 137–43.
1400
Latrobe, «Anniversary Oration», Port Folio, 3rd Ser., 5 (1811), 4.
1401
Harris, Artist in American Society, 22.
1402
Ruth M. Elson, Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the Nineteenth Century (Lincoln, NE, 1964), 223; Michael T. Gilmore, «The Literature of the Revolutionary and Early National Periods», The Cambridge History of American Literature, ed. Sacvan Bercovitch (Cambridge, UK, 1994), 548.
1403
Gilmore, «The Literature of the Revolutionary and Early National Periods», 548–49.
1404
Nathans, Early American Theater, 13–36; G. Thomas Tanselle, Royall Tyler (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 5; William J. Meserve, An Emerging Entertainment: The Drama of the American People to 1828 (Bloomington, IN, 1977), 61.
1405
Kenneth R. Bowling, «A Capital Before a Capitol: Republican Visions», in Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages, 51.
1406
Ellis, After the Revolution, 133.
1407
Nathans, Early American Theater, 37–70; Silverman, Cultural History of the American Revolution, 546–556; Ellis, After the Revolution, 129; American Museum, 5 (1789), 185–90.
1408
Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought, 3rd ed. (New York, 1964), 133.
1409
Bowling, «Capital Before a Capitol», Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages, 51.
1410
Playbill, in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 281; Nye, Cultural Life of the New Nation, 264; Ellis, After the Revolution, 133–34; Richards, Drama, Theater, and Identity in the American New Republic, 69, 2; Nathans, Early American Theater, 86–88.
1411
William Haliburton, The Effects of the Stage… on the Manners of a People (Boston, 1792), 11, 15, 21.
1412
Silverman, Cultural History of the American Revolution, 554; Ellis, After the Revolution, 134; David Grimsted, Melodrama Unveiled: American Theater and Culture, 1800–1850 (Chicago, 1968), 8; Meserve, Emerging Entertainment, 104–5.
1413
Meserve, Emerging Entertainment, 154.
1414
Elson, Guardians of Tradition, 233.
1415
Latrobe, «Anniversary Oration», Port Folio, 3rd Ser., 5 (1811), 30.
1416
Joseph Hopkinson, «Annual Discourse, Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts» (1810), in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 334.
1417
James Thomas Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies: American Painting, 1760–1835 (New York, 1954), 152.
1418
Hopkinson, «Annual Discourse», in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 330; Oliver W. Larkin, Samuel F. B. Morse and the American Democratic Art (Boston, 1954), 31–32.
1419
Flexner, Light of Distant Skies, 84; David Meschutt, «John Durand», in John A. Garraty and Mark Carnes, eds., American National Biography (New York, 1999), 7: 139–40.
1420
Charles Coleman Sellers, Charles Willson Peale, vol. 2, Later Life (Philadelphia, 1947), 329.
1421
JA to Marshall, 4 Feb. 1806, Papers of Marshall, 6: 425; to TJ, 13 July 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 349; Editorial Note, The Life of George Washington, Papers of Marshall, 6: 221.
1422
Emily E. F. Skeel, ed., Mason Locke Weems: His Works and Ways (New York, 1929), 1: 55, 132.
1423
Karen A. Weyler, Intricate Relations: Sexual and Economic Desire in American Fiction, 1789–1814 (Iowa City, 2004), 29–74.
1424
Rodney Hessinger, Seduced, Abandoned, and Reborn: Visions of Youth in Middle-Class America, 1780–1850 (Philadelphia, 2005), 23–43.
1425
Sellers, Charles Willson Peale, 2: 62–72; James Thomas Flexner, «The Scope of Painting in the 1790s», Penn. Mag. of History and Biography, 74 (1950), 74–89 (Я обязан этой ссылкой Джону Э. Кроули); Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies, 103, 109–10; Nygren and Robertson, eds., Views and Visions, 25, 137–43.
1426
Miller, Patrons and Patriotism, 92; Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies, 159.
1427
Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies, 161.
1428
Harris, The Artist in American Society, 93–95; Miller, Patrons and Patriotism, 265.
1429
North American Review, 2 (1815–1816), 161; Harris, The Artist in American Society, 97.
1430
Daniel Walker Howe, The Unitarian Conscience: Harvard Moral Philosophy, 1805–1861 (Cambridge, MA, 1970), 191.
1431
Theodore Dehon, «With Literature as with Government» (1807), in Lewis P. Simpson, ed., The Federalist Literary Mind (Baton Rouge, 1962), 186.
1432
Davidson, Revolution and the Word, 73–79.
1433
Ellis, After the Revolution, 155; William Dunlap, A History of the American Theater (New York, 1832), 1: 130, 125; Jean V. Matthews, Toward a New Society: American Thought and Culture, 1800–1830 (Boston, 1990), 132; Grimsted, Melodrama Unveiled, 20.
1434
Flexner, «The Scope of Painting in the 1790s», Penn. Mag. of History and Biography, 74 (1950), 84–87; Martin P. Snyder, «William Birch: His Philadelphia Views», ibid., 73 (1949), 271–315; Snyder, «Birch’s Philadelphia Views: New Discoveries», ibid., 88 (1964), 164–73.
1435
Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies, 191–92, 112; William Dunlap, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States (1834; New York, 1969), 1: 417, 418.
1436
Dunlap, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design, 1; 417; Joseph Stevens Buckminster, «The Dangers and Duties of Men of Letters» (1809), and Robert H. Gardiner, «The Multiplicity of Our Literary Institutions» (1807), in Simpson, ed., Federalist Literary Mind, 100, 71, 55, 101.
1437
Lewis P. Simpson, «Federalism and the Crisis of Literary Order», American Literature, 32 (1960), 260; Joseph Stevens Buckminster, «The Polity of Letters» (1806), in Simpson, ed., Federalist Literary Mind, 260, 184.
1438
Port Folio, 4th Ser., 3 (1814), 35–38.
1439
Harris, The Artist in American Society, 97; Port Folio, 4th Ser., 3 (1814), 154.
1440
North American Review, 16 (1823), 102–3.
1441
Virgil Barker, American Painting: History and Interpretation (New York, 1960), 339–51.
1442
Edmund Trowbridge Dana, «The Works of Criticism» (1805), Simpson, ed., Federalist Literary Mind, 209–12.
1443
Catherine O’Donnell Kaplan, Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forums of Citizenship (Chapel Hill, 2008), 201–2; Nye, Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830, 236; Russell B. Nye, George Bancroft (New York, 1964), 40.
1444
Nicholas Collin, «An Essay on those inquiries in Natural Philosophy Which at Present are most beneficial to the United States of America», American Philosophical Society, Trans., 2 (1793), vii.
1445
Henry May, The Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976), 72–73; [John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon], Cato’s Letters… (London, 1748,) IV, No. 123; John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (London, 1695), bk. IV, ch. 19; Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, MA, 1990), 195–96, 214–15.
1446
TJ to Horatio Spafford, 17 March 1814, to James Smith, 8 Dec. 1822, in James H. Hutson, ed., The Founders on Religion: A Book of Quotations (Princeton, 2005), 68, 218.
1447
Russell B. Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 230; Franklin Hamlin Littell, From State Church to Pluralism: A Protestant Interpretation of Religion in American History (New York, 1962), 32.
1448
Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, 195; John W. Chandler, «The Communitarian Quest for Perfection», in Stuart C. Henry, ed., A Miscellany of American Christianity (Durham, NC, 1963), 58; William Warren Sweet, The Story of Religions in America (New York, 1930), 322; Douglas H. Sweet, «Church Vitality and the American Revolution: Historiographical Consensus and Thoughts Towards a New Perspective», Church History, 45 (1976), 342, 344.
1449
О деизме см. Kerry S. Walters, The American Deists: Voices of Reason and Dissent in the Early Republic (lawrence, KS, 1992).
1450
Джон Батлер подчеркивает низкую долю членов церкви или прихожан среди колонистов XVIII века, в то время как Патриция У. Бономи и Питер Р. Айзенштадт подчеркивают высокую долю посещающих церковь. Jon Butler, «Coercion, Miracle, Reason», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Religion in a Revolutionary Age (Charlottesville, 1994), 19; Patricia U. Bonomi and Peter R. Eisenstadt, «Church Adherence in the Eighteenth-Century British American Colonies», WMQ, 39 (1982), 245–86.
1451
Bernard Bailyn et al., The Great Republic: A History of the American People, 4th ed. (Lexington, MA, 1992), 174.
1452
Stephen A. Marini, «The Revolutionary Revival in America» (unpublished paper); Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York, 2002), 166.
1453
William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, D.D: Pastor of East Church, Salem, Massachusetts (Gloucester, MA, 1962), 3: 192–93.
1454
Dee E. Andrews, The Methodists and Revolutionary America, 1760–1800: The Shaping of an Evangelical Culture (Princeton, 2000), 76.
1455
James H. Smylie, «Protestant Clergy, the First Amendment and Beginnings of a Constitutional Debate, 1781–91», in Elwyn A. Smith, The Religion of the Republic (Philadelphia, 1971), 149–50.
1456
Smylie, «Protestant Clergy in Smith», ed., Religion of the Republic, 117.
1457
Forrest Church, So Help Me God: The Founding Fathers and the First Great Battle over Church and State (New York, 2007), 36.
1458
GW to The Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 Aug. 1790, Washington: Writings, 767; Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds., The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties (Madison, WI, 1992), 131–32.
1459
Church, So Help Me God, 41.
1460
Annals of Congress, 1st Congress, 1st session (Sept. 1789), 948, 949; Church, So Help Me God, 61, 64.
1461
Gordon S. Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York, 2006), 35; Church, So Help Me God, 46–47, 57.
1462
GW to Watson and Cassoul, 10 Aug. 1782, in Hutson, ed., Founders on Religion, 18.
1463
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 159; TJ, Virginia Bill for Religious Freedom (1786), Jefferson: Writings, 346–48.
1464
Jon Meacham, American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation (New York, 2006), 278; Church, So Help Me God, 188.
1465
Church, So Help Me God, 227.
1466
Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York, 1970), 960.
1467
TJ to Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others, 1 Jan. 1802, Jefferson: Writings, 510.
1468
James H. Hutson, «Thomas Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptists: A Controversy Rejoined», and Responses, WMQ, 56 (1999), 775–824.
1469
Johann N. Neem, «Beyond the Wall: Reinterpreting Jefferson’s Danbury Address», JER, 27 (2007), 139–54; TJ to Benjamin Waterhouse, 26 June 1822, in Hutson, ed., Founders on Religion, 221.
1470
William G. McLoughlin, Isaac Backus and the American Pietistic Tradition (Boston, 1967); William G. McLoughlin, New England Dissent, 1630–1833: The Baptists and the Separation of Church and State (Cambridge, MA, 1971).
1471
William G. McLoughlin, ed., Isaac Backus on Church, State, and Calvinism: Pamphlets, 1754–1789 (Cambridge, MA, 1968), 61.
1472
Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason (1794), in Eric Foner, ed., Thomas Paine: Collected Writings (Library of America, 1995), 825.
1473
John Keane, Tom Paine: A Political Life (Boston, 1995), 457, 475–76.
1474
Douglass Adair, «Was Alexander Hamilton a Christian Statesman?» in Trevor Colbourn, ed., Fame and the Founding Fathers: Essays by Douglass Adair (Chapel Hill, 1974), 147–48n; Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 3: 471–72; Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 2004), 708.
1475
M[arinus] Willet to Aaron Burr, 8 Mar. 1801, in Mary-Jo Kline et al., eds., Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr (Princeton, 1983), 1: 522; Adair, «Was Alexander Hamilton a Christian Statesman?» in Colbourn, ed., Fame and the Founding Fathers, 149–59; May, Enlightenment in America, 326–34.
1476
May, Enlightenment in America, 331; Jean V. Matthews, Toward a New Society: American Thought and Culture, 1800–1830 (Boston, 1990), 30–31; Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995), 348–49; Steven C. Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the Transformation of the American Social Order, 1730–1840 (Chapel Hill, 1996), 163–83.
1477
John T. Horton, James Kent: A Study in Conservatism, 1763–1847 (New York, 1939), 190. К 1833 году выдающийся юрист Джозеф Стори в своих влиятельных «Комментариях» заявил, что христианство является частью общего права. Franklin Hamlin Littell, From State Church to Pluralism: A Protestant Interpretation of Religion in American History (New York, 1962), 48.
1478
Jay P. Dolan, The American Catholic Experience: A History From Colonial Times to the Present (New York, 1985), 102; Thomas T. McAvoy, A History of the Catholic Church in the United States (Notre Dame, 1969), 61–91.
1479
Dolan, The American Catholic Experience, 109.
1480
Elwyn A. Smith, «The Voluntary Establishment of Religion», in Smith, ed., Religion of the Republic, 177.
1481
Timothy L. Smith, «Protestant Schooling and American Nationality, 1800–1850», JAH, 53 (1967), 694; Smith, «Voluntary Establishment of Religion», in Smith, ed., Religion of the Republic, 154–82.
1482
Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, 1989), 25.
1483
Taylor, William Cooper’s Town, 285, 268.
1484
John Caldwell, William Findley From West of the Mountains: Congressman, 1791–1821 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2002), 280, 331, 333–34, 336, 379.
1485
Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago, 1977).
1486
Andrews, Methodists and Revolutionary America, 80.
1487
Peter Cartwright, Autobiography, ed. Charles L. Wallis (New York, 1956), 68–69.
1488
Hatch, Democratization of American Christianity, 173, 174; Church, So Help Me God, 292.
1489
Richard McNemar, The Kentucky Revival (1808), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 88.
1490
Cartwright, Autobiography, ed. Wallis, 43.
1491
Mathews, Religion in the Old South, 50.
1492
Ruth Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756–1800 (Cambridge, UK, 1985), 225; Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 78–80.
1493
Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York, 1977); Elaine Forman Crane, «Religion and Rebellion: Women of Faith in the American War for Independence», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Religion in a Revolutionary Age, 80.
1494
Stephen A. MARINI, «The Revolutionary Revival in America» (Unpublished Paper), 28; Herbert A. Wisbey Jr., Pioneer Prophetess: Jemima Wilkinson, the Publick Universal Friend (Ithaca, 1964); David Hudson, History of Jemima Wilkinson, a Preacheress of the Eighteenth Century; Containing an Authentic Narrative of Her Life and Character, and the Rise, Progress and Conclusion of Her Ministry (Geneva, NY, 1821); Stephen J. Stein, The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers (New Haven, 1992), 43, 48–49.
1495
Andrews, Methodists and Revolutionary America, 88–89; Richard Newman, Freedom’s Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers (New York, 2008).
1496
Monte Hampton, «Henry Evans», American National Biography, ed. John A. Garraty and Mark Carnes (New York, 1999), 7: 607.
1497
Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 102–13; Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The «Invisible Institution» in the Antebellum South (New York, 1978); Mechal Sobel, Travelin’ On: The Slave Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith (Princeton, 1988); Sylvia R. Frey, «‘The Year of Jubilee Is Come’: Black Christianity in the Plantation South in Post-Revolutionary America», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Religion in a Revolutionary Age, 87–124, esp. 97, 99, 103, 112; Charles Joyner, Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community (Urbana, 1984); Margaret Washington Creel, «A Peculiar People»: Slave Religion and Community Culture Among the Gullahs (New York, 1988); Paul E. Johnson, ed., African-American Christianity: Essays in History (Berkeley, 1994).
1498
John L. Brooke, The Refiner’s Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844 (Cambridge, UK, 1994), 31–32.
1499
Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982), 158; Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 129, 146–61; Andrews, Methodists and Revolutionary America, 77.
1500
Andrews, Methodists and Revolutionary America, 83.
1501
Lawrence Foster, Religion and Sexuality: Three Communal Experiments in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1981), 31, 32.
1502
Dixon Ryan Fox, «The Protestant Counter-Reformation in America», New York History, 16 (1935), 19–35; Clifford S. Griffin, «Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815–1860», Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 44 (1957), 423–44; Charles I. Foster, An Errand of Mercy: The Evangelical United Front, 1790–1837 (Chapel Hill, 1960).
1503
Church, So Help Me God, 268; Robert Edson Lee, «Timothy Dwight and the Boston Palladium», New England Quarterly, 35 (1962), 234; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 373.
1504
Peter S. Field, The Crisis of the Standing Order: Clerical Intellectuals and Cultural Authority in Massachusetts, 1780–1833 (AMHERST, MA, 1998), 114.
1505
Field, Crisis of the Standing Order, 153; Catherine O’Donnell Kaplan, Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forums of Citizenship (Chapel Hill, 2008), 184–215.
1506
Joseph A. Conforti, Samuel Hopkins and the New Divinity Movement: Calvinism, the Congregational Ministry, and Reform in New England Between the Great Awakenings (Grand Rapids, MI, 1981); Field, Crisis of the Standing Order, 174; J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 76.
1507
Richard D. Shiels, «The Origins of the Second Great Awakening in New England: Goshen, Connecticut, 1798–1799», Mid-America: An Historical Review, 78 (1996), 279–301.
1508
Christine Leigh Heyrman, Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (New York, 1997), 23–27, 255–56. О консерватизме белых мирян Юга перед лицом радикального евангелического призыва см. Rachel N. Klein, Unification of a Slave State: The Rise of the Planter Class in the South Carolina Backcountry, 1760–1808 (Chapel Hill, 1990); and Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York, 1995). Конечно, со временем на Юге расцвела евангелическая религия.
1509
Ralph E. Morrow, «The Great Revival, the West, and the Crisis of the Church», in John Francis McDermott, ed., The Frontier Re-Examined (Urbana, IL, 1967), 78.
1510
Daniel Walker Howe, «The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System», JAH, 77 (1991), 1216–39; Richard L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992).
1511
Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 97, 272n. For some of the evangelical sects’ initial efforts at establishing order, see Marini, Radical Sects, 116–35; and Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 201–6.
1512
Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 52.
1513
Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York, 2002), 380; Donald G. Mathews, «The Second Great Awakening as an Organizing Process, 1780–1830: A Hypothesis», American Quarterly, 21 (1969), 23–43.
1514
Smith, The Loving Kindness of God Displayed in the Triumph of Republicanism in America (n.p., 1809), 27.
1515
Belden C. Lane, «Presbyterian Republicanism: Miller and the Eldership as an Answer to Lay-Clerical Tensions», Journal of Presbyterian History, 56 (1978), 311–14.
1516
John Rogers, The Biography of Elder Barton Warren Stone… (Cincinnati, 1847), 45; Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 70.
1517
Paul G. Faler, Mechanics and Manufacturers in the Early Industrial Revolution: Lynn, Massachusetts, 1780–1860 (Albany, 1981), 46.
1518
Randolph A. Roth, The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and The Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850 (Cambridge, UK, 1987), 62; John Saillant, Black Puritan, Black Republican: The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753–1833 (New York, 2003); Richard Newman, «Lemuel Haynes», American National Biography, 10: 417–18. О привлекательности универсализма среди рабочих Филадельфии см. Ronald Schultz, «God and Workingmen: Popular Religion and the Formation of Philadelphia’s Working Class, 1790–1830», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Religion in a Revolutionary Age, 138.
1519
Andrews, Methodists of Revolutionary America, 82; Marini, Radical Sects, 88; Marini, «Revolutionary Revival», 53–54; Richard Rabinowitz, The Spiritual Self in Everyday Life: The Transformation of Personal Religious Experience in Nineteenth-Century New England (Boston, 1989), 3–151.
1520
Abel M. Sargent, The Destruction of the Beast in the Downfall of Sectarianism (n.p., [1806]), 15.
1521
Josiah Quincy, The History of Harvard University (Cambridge, MA, 1840), 2: 663.
1522
О Доу см. Charles C. Sellers, Lorenzo Dow: The Bearer of the Word (New York, 1928); and Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 36–40. Об этих религиозных событиях см. Whitney R. Cross, The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850 (New York, 1965); John R. Boles, The Great Revival, 1787–1805 (Lexington, KY, 1972); Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago, 1977); and Anne C. Loveland, Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order, 1800–1860 (Baton Rouge, 1980).
1523
Hatch, Democratization of Christianity, 36–37.
1524
Boles, Great Revival, 128–29.
1525
Joseph Smith, The Pearl of Great Price (Salt Lake City, 1974), 47.
1526
Asael Smith (1799), in William Mulder and A. Russell Mortensen, eds., Among the Mormons: Historic Accounts by Contemporary Observers (New York, 1958), 24.
1527
Stein, Shaker Experience, 80–86.
1528
Paul C. Gutjahr, An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777–1880 (Stanford, 1999), 1.
1529
Gutjahr, American Bible, 23–29; Peter J. Wosh, Spreading the Word: The Bible Business in Nineteenth-Century America (Ithaca, 1994).
1530
Donald M. Scott, From Office to Profession: The New England Ministry, 1750–1850 (Philadelphia, 1978), 34, 47–48.
1531
Lyman Beecher, On the Importance of Assisting Young Men of Piety and Talents in Obtaining an Education for the Gospel Ministry (New York, 1815), 16.
1532
On the Similarity of the Messages of Hopkins, Campbell, and Jefferson, see H. Sheldon Smith, Robert T. Handy, and Lefferts A. Loetscher, American Christianity: An Historical Interpretation with Representative Documents (New York, 1960), 1: 516, 543–44, 579–86.
1533
Paul E. Johnson, «Democracy, Patriarchy, and American Revivals, 1780–1830», Journal of Social History, 24 (1990–91), 843–49; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley (1835; New York, 1956), 1: 306; Hugh Heclo, Christianity and American Democracy (Cambridge, MA, 2007). Naturally, some religious people could be very critical of the emerging market world. См. Jama Lazerow, Religion and the Working Class in Antebellum America (Washington, DC, 1995), в которой утверждается, что религия решающим образом повлияла на характер рабочего протеста в эпоху антисемитизма.
1534
William Breitenbach, «Unregenerate Doings: Selflessness and Selfishness in New Divinity Theology», American Quarterly, 34 (1982), 479–502; James D. German, «The Social Utility of Wicked Self-Love: Calvinism, Capitalism, and Public Policy in Revolutionary New England», JAH, 82 (1995), 965–98; Heclo, Christianity and American Democracy, 15–16.
1535
Nathan O. Hatch, «In Pursuit of Religious Freedom: Church, State, and People in the New Republic», in Jack P. Greene, ed., The American Revolution: Its Character and Limits (New York, 1987), 393–94.
1536
William Gribbin, The Churches Militant: The War of 1812 and American Religion (New Haven, 1973), 102.
1537
Natalie A. Naylor, «The Theological Seminary in the Configuration of American Higher Education: The Antebellum Years», History of Education Quarterly, 17 (1977), 20–23.
1538
Что касается милленаризма, то он J. F. Maclear, «The Republic and the Millennium», in Smith, ed., Religion of the Republic, 183–216; David E. Smith, «Millenarian Scholarship in America», American Quarterly, 17 (1965), 535–49; Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America’s Millennial Role (Chicago, 1968); James West Davidson, The Logic of Millennial Thought: Eighteenth-Century New England (New Haven, 1977); Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison, WI, 1978); J.F.C. Harrison, The Second Coming: Popular Millenarianism, 1780–1850 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979); Melvin B. Endy Jr., «Just War, Holy War, and Millennialism in Revolutionary America», WMQ, 42 (1985), 3–25; and Ruth Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756–1800 (Cambridge, UK, 1985).
1539
Bloch, Visionary Republic, 217; Davidson, Logic of Millennial Thought, 275–76.
1540
Jedidiah Morse, Signs of the Times: A Sermon Preached Before the Society for Propagating the Gospel… (Charlestown, MA, 1810), 22, 28.
1541
Elias Smith, The Whole World Governed by a Jew; or, the Government of the Second Adam, as King and Priest… Delivered March 4, 1805, the Evening After the Election of the President and Vice-President (Exeter, NH, 1805), 72–78; Hatch, Democratization of American Christianity, 184.
1542
Hatch, Democratization of American Christianity, 185.
1543
Timothy Dwight (1813) and Elephalet Nott (1806) in Davidson, Logic of Millennial Thought, 275, 276.
1544
Samuel Hopkins, A Treatise on the Millennium (Boston, 1793), in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America (Boston, 1990), 43–53.
1545
William Hague, William Pitt the Younger (New York, 2005), 279; Michael Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976), 80–81.
1546
Arthur Herman, To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World (New York, 2004), 332, 337; Hague, Pitt the Younger, 281, 282; Donald R. Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship: Myths of the War of 1812 (Urbana, IL, 2006), 7.
1547
Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 95.
1548
Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 826 n8.
1549
Curtis P. Nettles, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1915 (New York, 1962), 396, 235.
1550
Ted Widmer, Ark of the Liberties: America and the World (New York, 2008), 66.
1551
Samuel Willard Crompton, «William Gray», American National Biography, ed. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (Oxford, 1999), 9: 453.
1552
Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 27.
1553
Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805–1812 (Berkeley, 1968), 111–12.
1554
Burton Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution (Charlottesville, 1979), 9; TJ to John Blair, 13 Aug. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 28.
1555
Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1990), 213.
1556
Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 2: 203–4, 124.
1557
TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 164–65.
1558
TJ to G. K. Van Hogendorp, 13 Oct. 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 633.
1559
TJ to William Jackson, 18 Feb. 1801, Papers of Jefferson, 33: 14; Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, 8; Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill, 1980), ch. 3.
1560
TJ to G. K. van Hogendorp, 13 Oct. 1785, to JM, 18 March 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 633, 40.
1561
J.C.A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, 1983), 14; Nettles, Emergence of a National Economy, 232–36.
1562
McCoy, The Elusive Republic, 125.
1563
David Armitage, The Declaration of Independence: A Global History (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 61.
1564
JM, «Political Observations», 20 April 1795, Papers of Madison, 15: 518.
1565
Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, 1978), 253; John Melish, Travels Through the United States of America, in the Years 1806 and 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811 (London, 1815), 61–62, 103.
1566
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 76; Everett Summerville Brown, ed., William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807 (New York, 1923), 470.
1567
Wallace Hutcheon Jr., Robert Fulton: Pioneer of Undersea Warfare (Annapolis, 1981), 37.
1568
Joel Barlow, Oration, Delivered at Washington, July Fourth, 1809; at the Request of the Democratic Citizens of the District of Columbia (Washington, DC, 1809), 8.
1569
Hutcheon, Robert Fulton, 109; Robert J. Allison, Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779–1820 (Amherst, MA, 2005), 104–5.
1570
Irving Brant, James Madison: The President, 1809–1812 (Indianapolis, 1956), 69.
1571
JM, «Universal Peace» (1792), Madison: Writings, 505.
1572
Янус, древнеримский бог, отличался не только двуликостью. В память о нем римляне всегда оставляли храм Януса открытым во время войны, чтобы бог мог прийти им на помощь. Дверь закрывали только тогда, когда в Риме наступал мир.
1573
TJ to JM, 28 Aug. 1789, Republic of Letters, 629; Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 266; Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, 6, 7.
1574
JM, «Political Observations» (1795), Papers of Madison, 15, 518–19.
1575
Frank Lambert, The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World (New York, 2005), 7.
1576
JM to TJ, 20 Aug. 1805, Republic of Letters, 1379–80; Lambert, Barbary Wars, 123.
1577
Lambert, Barbary Wars, 47.
1578
Robert J. Allison, ed., Narratives of Barbary Captivity: Recollections of James Leander Cathcart, Jonathan Cowdry, and William Ray (Chicago, 2007), xxxi.
1579
Lambert, Barbary Wars, 48.
1580
TJ to James Monroe, 11Nov. 1784, Papers of Jefferson, 7: 511.
1581
JA to TJ, 6 June 1786, to JA, 11 July 1786, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 1: 133–34, 141–43.
1582
Robert J. Allison, The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776–1815 (New York, 1995), 21.
1583
Lambert, Barbary Wars, 93.
1584
TJ to JM, 28 Aug. 1801, Republic of Letters, 1194.
1585
Allison, Crescent Obscured, 29.
1586
TJ, Second Annual Message, 15 Dec. 1802, in James C. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897 (Washington, DC, 1900), 1: 331.
1587
Richard Zacks, The Pirate Coast: Thomas Jefferson, the First Marines, and the Secret Mission of 1805 (New York, 2005), 30.
1588
Lambert, Barbary Wars, 144; Allison, Crescent Obscured, 190; Fletcher Pratt, Preble’s Boys: Commodore Preble and the Birth of American Sea Power (New York, 1950), 94–95; Allison, Stephen Decatur, 45–54; Allison, ed., Narratives of Barbary Captivity, lxi.
1589
Zacks, Pirate Coast, 377. Арабские имена и слова транслитерированы в том виде, в каком их понимали англоговорящие люди XVIII века, а не в более точной современной транслитерации.
1590
[Anon.], The American in Algiers; or, The Patriot of Seventy-Six in Captivity (New York, 1797), in James G. Basker et al., eds., Early American Abolitionists: A Collection of Anti-Slavery Writings, 1760–1820 (New York, 2005), 242–61; Allison, Crescent Obscured, 92.
1591
JM to TJ, 30 Sept. 1805, Republic of Letters, 1389; Donald Hickey, «The Monroe-Pinckney Treaty of 1806: A Reappraisal», WMQ, 44 (1987), 71.
1592
Monroe to JM, 25 Sept. 1805, in Hickey, «Monroe-Pinkney Treaty of 1806», 72.
1593
Perkins, Prologue to War, 137.
1594
Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York, 1997), 170–75; Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 92, 165; TJ to JM, 30 Aug. 1823, Republic of Letters, 1876.
1595
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 401.
1596
TJ to JM, 15 Aug. 1804, Republic of Letters, 1335–36.
1597
Hickey, «Monroe-Pinkney Treaty of 1806», 86.
1598
Eugene Perry Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800 (New York, 1942), 137; James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1978), 271–73.
1599
Perkins, Prologue to War, 84–95.
1600
Catherine O’Donnell Kaplan, Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forums of Citizenship (Chapel Hill, 2008), 201; BR to JA, 29 June, 14Aug. 1805, Spur of Fame, 28, 31.
1601
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 69.
1602
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 110.
1603
Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 73.
1604
Hickey, War of 1812, 14.
1605
Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York, 1970), 863–64.
1606
Perkins, Prologue to War, 74.
1607
Hickey, War of 1812, 18.
1608
Hickey, War of 1812, 19; Perkins, Prologue to War, 2.
1609
TJ, Eighth Annual Message to Congress, 8 Nov. 1808, Jefferson: Writings, 544.
1610
Peterson, Jefferson and the New Nation, 876.
1611
TJ to JM, 26 Aug. 1807, Republic of Letters, 1492.
1612
TJ to JM, 16 Aug. 1807, Republic of Letters, 1486.
1613
JM to TJ, 20 Sept. 1807, Republic of Letters, 1499.
1614
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 464.
1615
TJ to Thomas Leiper, 21 Aug. 1807, in Ford, Writings of Jefferson, 9: 130. См. Joseph I. Shulim, «Thomas Jefferson Views Napoleon», Va. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 60 (1960), 288–304.
1616
Perkins, Prologue to War, 187.
1617
Roger H. Brown, The Republic in Peril: 1812 (New York, 1964), 13.
1618
TJ, Message to Congress, 18 Dec. 1807, in Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 1: 433.
1619
Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence, KS, 1976), 107.
1620
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 469.
1621
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 486–87.
1622
Gallatin to TJ, 18 Dec. 1807, in Henry Adams, ed., The Writings of Albert Gallatin (Philadelphia, 1879), 1: 368.
1623
TJ to Robert Fulton, 21 July 1813, in Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 506.
1624
Irving Brant, James Madison: Secretary of State, 1800–1809 (Indianapolis, 1953), 402–3; Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 488–90.
1625
TJ to William Cabell, 13 March 1808, in Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, 105.
1626
TJ to Maj. Joseph Eggleston, 7 March 1808, in Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 483.
1627
TJ to JM, 11 March 1808, Republic of Letters, 1515; Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 211.
1628
Annals of Congress, 10th Congress, 1st session (April 1808), 2: 1960–64; Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 517.
1629
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 517; Annals of Congress, 10th Congress, 1st session (April 1808), 2: 2849–52.
1630
TJ to Tomkins, 15 Aug. 1808, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 12: 131–33.
1631
TJ to Captain McGregor, 26 Aug. 1808, in H. A. Washington, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, DC, 1853), 5: 356.
1632
TJ to Rodney, 24 Apr. 1808, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 12: 36; Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 585.
1633
Joseph I. Shulim, «Thomas Jefferson Views Napoleon», Va. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 60 (1952), 295; TJ to Monroe, 28 Jan. 1809, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 12: 241–42.
1634
Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, 117.
1635
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 590, 591.
1636
William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, D.D: Pastor of East Church, Salem, Massachusetts (Gloucester, MA, 1962), 3: 313.
1637
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 613.
1638
James Duncan Phillips, «Jefferson’s ‘Wicked Tyrannical Embargo’», New England Quarterly, 18 (1945), 466–78; American Register, 3 (1808), 450–52.
1639
Samuel E. Morison, Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860 (Boston, 1921), 189; Douglas North, «The United States Balance of Payments, 1790–1860», Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century, National Bureau of Economic Research, Studies in Income and Wealth, 24 (Princeton, 1960), 590–92.
1640
Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 54.
1641
Gallatin to TJ, 29 July 1808, in Adams, ed., Writings of Gallatin, 1: 399.
1642
Jerry L. Mashaw, «Reluctant Nationalists: Federal Administration and Administrative Law in the Republican Era, 1801–1829», Yale Law Journal, 116 (2007), 1655.
1643
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 639; TJ to Lehre, 8 Nov. 1808, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 12: 191.
1644
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 652.
1645
James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 107.
1646
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 653, 654.
1647
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 639; Annals of Congress, 10th Congress, 2nd session (Dec. 1808), 19: 276.
1648
По крайней мере, один из современных эконометристов согласен с тем, что британцы испытали больше экономических страданий, чем американцы, и что эмбарго провалилось из-за отсутствия достаточной политической воли в Америке. Jeffrey A. Frankel, «The 1807–1809 Embargo Against Great Britain», Journal of Economic History, 42 (1982), 291–308. См. also Perkins, Prologue to War, 205.
1649
Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 644, 657; TJ to Monroe, 28 Jan. 1808, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 9: 243; to Judge St. George Tucker, 25 Dec. 1808, in Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 657.
1650
Norman K. Risjord, The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1965), 145.
1651
J.C.A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, 1983), 3; Henry Adams, History of the United States of America During the Administration of James Madison (1889–1891; New York, 1986), 452.
1652
О различиях во взглядах историков на причины войны см. Louis M. Hacker, «Western Land Hunger and the war of 1812», Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 10 (1924), 366–95; Julius W. Pratt, Expansionists of 1812 (New York, 1925); George R. Taylor, «Agrarian Discontent in the Mississippi Valley Preceding the War of 1812», Journal of Political Economy, 39 (1931), 471–505; Warren H. Goodman, «The Origins of the War of 1812: A Survey of Changing Interpretations», Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 28 (1941–1942), 171–86; Reginald Horsman, The Causes of the War of 1812 (Philadelphia, 1962); и Bradford Perkins, ed., The Causes of the War of 1812: National Honor or National Interest? (New York, 1962).
1653
О голосовании за войну см. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (Annapolis, 2004), 571–74; В этой Энциклопедии также имеется обширная библиография о войне. Некоторые из многочисленных статей, посвященных голосованию за войну, см. Leland R. Johnson, «The Suspense Was Hell: The Senate Vote for War in 1812», Indiana Magazine of History, 65 (1969), 247–67; Ronald I. Hatzenbuehler, «Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives», WMQ, 29 (1972), 367–90; Ronald I. Hatzenbuehler, «The War Hawks and the Question of Congressional Leadership in 1812», Pacific Historical Review, 45 (1976), 1–22; Rudolph M. Bell, «Mr. Madison’s War and Long-Term Congressional Voting Behavior», WMQ, 36 (1979), 373–95. О Пенсильвании см. Victor Sapio, Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 (Lexington, KY, 1970).
1654
Irving Brant, James Madison: The President, 1809–1812 (Indianapolis, 1956), 37.
1655
Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation (New York, 2006), 250.
1656
Andrew S. Trees, The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character (Princeton, 2004), 111; Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York, 1970), 428.
1657
Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 507.
1658
Ketcham, Madison, 485.
1659
Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War, 1805–1812: England and the United States (Berkeley, 1968), 218.
1660
Annals of Congress, 11th Congress, 2nd session (April 1810), 21: 1772; Perkins, Prologue to War, 241; Risjord, Old Republicans, 107.
1661
James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 136.
1662
Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 61.
1663
Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 56.
1664
JM to TJ, 15 June 1810, 22 June 1810, Republic of Letters, 1636–37.
1665
Annals of Congress, 11th Congress, 2nd session (April 1810), 21: 1868.
1666
Henry Adams, ed., Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1800–1815 (Boston, 1877), 389.
1667
Perkins, Prologue to War, 61.
1668
Roger H. Brown, The Republic in Peril: 1812 (New York, 1964), 15; Felix Grundy, Annals of Congress, 12th Congress, 1st session (May 1812), 24: 1407–8.
1669
Richard Buel Jr., America on the Brink: How the Political Struggle over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic (New York, 2005), 92–97, 133–35, 151–53, 242.
1670
Wilson Cary Nicholas to TJ, 4 Feb. 1810, Papers of Jefferson: Retirement Ser., 2: 195; James Monroe to John Taylor, 13 June 1812, in Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (New York, 1901), 5: 206.
1671
Annals of Congress, 12th Congress, 1st session (May 1812), 24: 1410.
1672
Steven Watts, The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790–1820 (Baltimore, 1987), 63–107.
1673
Niles’ Weekly Register, 1 (1811–1812), 252; Annals of Congress, 12th Congress, 1st session (Jan. 1812), 658; Watts, The Republic Reborn, 101.
1674
Albert Gallatin to TJ, 10 March 1812, in Henry Adams, The Life of Henry Gallatin (New York, 1879), 455–56.
1675
Risjord, Old Republicans, 109.
1676
Risjord, Old Republicans, 102.
1677
Annals of Congress, 11th Congress, 2nd session (April 1810) 21: 1864–1876, 1885.
1678
Annals of Congress, 12th Congress, 1st session, (Feb. 1812), 23: 1027.
1679
Annals of Congress, 12th Congress, 1st session, (Jan. 1812), 23: 824–833.
1680
Risjord, Old Republicans, 127.
1681
JM to TJ, 6 March 1812, Republic of Letters, 1688.
1682
Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 160.
1683
JM, War Message to Congress, 1 June 1812, Madison: Writings, 691.
1684
Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History (New York, 1951), 216.
1685
Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 56.
1686
John Sugden, Tecumseh: A Life (New York, 1997).
1687
Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana, IL, 1989), 25.
1688
Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 4.
1689
Latimer, 1812, 42.
1690
Walter R. Borneman, 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (New York, 2004), 57.
1691
Hickey, War of 1812, 73.
1692
Latimer, 1812, 71.
1693
Latimer, 1812, 82–83.
1694
Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 268.
1695
Borneman, 1812, 84; Harry L. Coles, The War of 1812 (Chicago, 1965), 81.
1696
В 1820 году сорокаоднолетний Декатур был убит на дуэли Джеймсом Барроном, опальным капитаном корабля «Чесапик», который сдался британскому военному кораблю в 1807 году. Hickey, War of 1812, 96; Robert J. Allison, Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779–1820 (Amherst, MA, 2005), 115–19, 123–28, 200–211.
1697
Hickey, War of 1812, 98.
1698
Latimer, 1812, 88.
1699
Hickey, War of 1812, 96–97; Coles, War of 1812, 95–99; Latimer, 1812, 90; George C. Daughan, If by Sea: The Forging of the American Navy — From the Revolution to the War of 1812 (New York, 2008), 430.
1700
Annals of Congress, 12th Congress, 2nd session (Dec. 1812), 25: 249.
1701
Philadelphia Aurora, 30 Jan. 1812, in Hickey, War of 1812, 120.
1702
Hickey, War of 1812, 122.
1703
Latimer, 1812, 133.
1704
Latimer, 1812, 195.
1705
Coles, War of 1812, 129.
1706
Latimer, 1812, 189.
1707
Latimer, 1812, 220.
1708
Borneman, 1812, 151; Latimer, 1812, 221.
1709
Latimer, 1812, 369.
1710
Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 362.
1711
Latimer, 1812, 263, 130–31.
1712
Coles, War of 1812, 167.
1713
Donald R. Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship: Myths of the War of 1812 (Urbana, IL, 2006), 154.
1714
Latimer, 1812, 320.
1715
Latimer, 1812, 319.
1716
Джулия Энн Иеронимус Тевис, в Joyce Appleby, ed., Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies (Boston, 1997), 77.
1717
JM to TJ, 17 Aug. 1812, to Richard Cutts, 8 Aug. 1812, Papers of Madison: Presidential Ser., 5: 165, 127.
1718
О роли духовенства во время войны, не только в поддержке федералистов, но и республиканцев, см. William Gribbon, The churches Militant: The War of 1812 and American Religion (New Haven, 1973).
1719
Суровый обвинительный акт в адрес федералистов см. Buel, America on the Brink, 54–55, 117–18, 156–64, 169, 172, 192, 200, 209, 215, 220, 242.
1720
Mathew Carey to JM, 1 Aug. 1812, 12 Aug. 1812, 21 Jan. 1813, 25 Jan. 1813; JM to Mathew Carey, 19 Sept. 1812, Papers of Madison: Presidential Ser., 5: 109–10, 148–49, 601–3, 614–18, 335, quotations at 601–2 and 335.
1721
James M. Banner Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970).
1722
Theodore Dwight, History of the Harford Convention: With a Review of the Policy of the United States, Which Led to the War of 1812 (New York, 1833), 354, 355, 367, 368, 369–70. The convention’s «Report» is on pp. 352–379.
1723
Merle Eugene Curti, The American Peace Crusade, 1815–1860 (1929; New York, 1965), 8–20.
1724
Lambert, Barbary Wars, 194, 195.
1725
Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Boston, 1997), 35.
1726
Ketcham, Madison, 586.
1727
Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836 (Indianapolis, 1961), 329.
1728
Ketcham, Madison, 586, 604.
1729
Brant, Madison: Commander in Chief, 419, 407.
1730
Forrest Church, So Help Me God: The Founding Fathers and the First Great Battle Over Church and State (New York, 2007), 350.
1731
JA to TJ, 2 Feb. 1817, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 508; Robert A. Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, KS, 1990).
1732
Watts, The Republic Reborn, 317.
1733
Len Travers, Celebrating The Fourth: Independence Day and the Rites of Nationalism in the Early Republic (Amherst, MA, 1997), 205; Gallatin to Matthew Lyon, 7 May 1816, in Henry Adams, ed., The Writings of Albert Gallatin (Philadelphia, 1879), 1: 700.
1734
TJ to Lafayette, 23 Nov. 1818, in Gilbert Chinard, ed., The Letters of Lafayette and Jefferson (Baltimore, 1929), 396.
1735
Gaillard Hunt, As We Were: Life in America, 1814 (1914; new ed. Stockbridge, MA, 1993), 8–10.
1736
Kenneth L. Sokoloff, «Inventive Activity in Early Industrial America: Evidence From Patent Records, 1790–1846», Journal of Economic History, 48 (1988), 813–50; Barbara M. Tucker, Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790–1860 (Ithaca, 1984), 89.
1737
J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 157.
1738
Claudia Goldin and Kenneth Sokoloff, «Women, Children, and Industrialization in the Early Republic: Evidence from the Manufacturing Censuses», Journal of Economic History, 42 (1982), 745–46; Thomas C. Cochran, Frontiers of Change: Early Industrialism in America (New York, 1981), 57; Henry Wansey, Journal of an Excursion (1796; New York, 1969), 47, 101; James A. Henretta, «The War for Independence and American Economic Development», in Ronald Hoffman et al., eds., The Economy of Early America: The Revolutionary Period, 1763–1790 (Charlottesville, 1988), 81, 80.
1739
George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 (New York, 1962), 206–7.
1740
Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 3rd session (Jan. 1799), 9: 2650.
1741
TJ to Benjamin Austin, 9 Jan. 1816, Jefferson: Writings, 1369–72.
1742
James L. Huston, Securing the Fruits of Labor: the American Concepts of Wealth Distribution, 1765–1900 (Baton Rouge, 1998), 89.
1743
Clay, 22 Jan. 1812, Annals of Congress, 12th Congress, 1st session, 23: 918.
1744
Cathy Matson and Peter Onuf, «Toward a Republican Empire», American Quarterly, 37 (1985), 496–531.
1745
Калхун цитируется по Oscar and Lillian Handlin, Liberty in Expansion, 1760–1850 (New York, 1989), 197; Niles’ Weekly Register, 1 (1811–1812), 282, 3; Mathew Carey (1822), цитируется по Nathan Miller, The Enterprise of a Free People: Aspects of Economic Development in New York State During the Canal Period, 1792–1838 (Ithaca, 1962), 42.
1746
John Crowley, This Sheba, Self: the Conceptualization of Economic Life in Eighteenth-Century America (Baltimore, 1974), 88, 97–99, 38–39; [William Smith], The Independent Reflector, ed. Milton M. Klein (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 106.
1747
[Anon.], The Commercial Conduct of the United States of America Considered, and the True Interest Thereof, Attempted to be Shewn By a Citizen of the New York (New York, 1786), 4.
1748
Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, ed. Franz Neumann (New York, 1949), I, bk. xx, ch. 13, p. 323; Niles’ Weekly Register, 6 (1814), 395.
1749
Niles’ Weekly Register, 3 (1812), 328.
1750
Dewitt Clinton, A Discourse Delivered Before the New-York Historical Society, at their Anniversary Meeting, 6th December 1811 (New York, 1814), 37.
1751
BF, «Information to Those Who Would Remove to America» (1784), Franklin: Writings, 975–83.
1752
John Sylvester John Gardiner, «The Scholar and Gentleman United» (1806), in Lewis P. Simpson, ed., The Federalist Literary Mind: Selections from the Monthly Anthology and Boston Review, 1803–1811 (Baton Rouge, 1962), 81.
1753
Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience, 1783–1876 (New York, 1980), 2: 249–334; Donald G. Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War, with Particular Reference to the Religious Influences Bearing upon the College Movement (New York, 1932), 55–132; Natalie A. Naylor, «The Ante-Bellum College Movement: A Reappraisal of Tewksbury’s Founding of American Colleges and Universities», History of Education Quarterly, 13 (1973), 261–74; Opal, Beyond the Farm, 128, 127.
1754
George Wilson Pierson, Tocqueville in America, abridged by Dudley C. Lunt (New York, 1959), 44.
1755
Morris Birkbeck, Notes on a Journey in America, from the Coast of Virginia to the Territory of Illinois (London, 1819), 37, 108, 98; Купер цитируется по Edwin H. Cady, The Gentleman in America: A Literary Study in American Culture (Syracuse, 1949), 121.
1756
Charles Jared Ingersoll, Inchiquin, the Jesuit’s Letters (1810), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820 (New York, 1971), 387.
1757
Opal, Beyond the Farm, 175; Peter J. Coleman, Debtors and Creditors in America: Insolvency, Imprisonment for Debt and Bankruptcy, 1607–1900 (Madison, WI, 1974), 287–88; Scott A. Sandage, Born Losers: A History of Failure in America (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 7; Bruce H. Mann, Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 36.
1758
См. James T. Lemon and Gary Nash, «The Distribution of Wealth in Eighteenth-Century America: A Century of Change in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1693–1802», Journal of Social History, 2 (1968), 1–24; Allan Kulikoff, «The Progress of Inequality in Revolutionary Boston», WMQ, 28 (1971), 375–412; Lee Soltow, «Economic Inequality in the United States in the Period from 1790 to 1860», Journal of Economic History, 31 (1971), 822–839; Jackson Turner Main, «Trends in Wealth Concentration Before 1860», ibid., 445–57.
1759
John Melish, Travels Through the United States of America, in the Years 1806 and 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811 (London, 1815), 100, 48–49.
1760
Rena L. Vassar, ed., «The Life or Biography of Silas Felton Written by Himself», American Antiquarian Society, Proc., 69 (1959), 120, 127–28, 129–30; Opal, Beyond the Farm, 137, 132–37, 147–48, 135.
1761
Opal, Beyond the Farm, 135, 136.
1762
Chauncey Jerome, History of the American Clock Business, in Joyce Appleby, ed., Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies (Boston, 1997), 183.
1763
Joseph Dennnie, Port Folio, 1 (14Feb. 1801), in J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography (New York, 1986), 250. In his famous work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), великий немецкий социолог Макс Вебер считал Франклина идеальным образцом современного капиталистического духа.
1764
Irvin Wyllie, The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches (New Brunswick, NJ, 1954); John G. Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man (Chicago, 1965); Daniel Walker Howe, Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (Cambridge, MA, 1997).
1765
William L. Hedges, «Washington Irving: Nonsense, the Fat of the Land and the Dream of Indolence», in Matthew J. Bruccoli, ed., The Chief Glory of Every People (Carbondale, IL, 1973), 156–57.
1766
Roland M. Baumann, «John Swanwick: Spokesman for ‘Merchant-Republicanism’ in Philadelphia, 1790–1798», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 97 (1973), 141.
1767
Stow Persons, The Decline of American Gentility (New York, 1973), 50.
1768
John Caldwell, William Findley from West of the Mountains: Congressman, 1791–1821 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2002), 356, 377; Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York, 1986), 68.
1769
Richard L. bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992), xiii; American Monthly Magazine, 2 (1818), 469.
1770
Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky, in Appleby, ed., Recollections, 60.
1771
Martha Tomhave Blauvelt, The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780–1830 (Charlottesville, 2007), 192.
1772
Franklin Society for the Suppression of Temperance (Broadside: Greenfield, MA, 23 Feb. 1814); Mason L. Weems, The True Patriot; or, An Oration on the Beauties and Beatitudes of a Republic (Philadelphia, 1802), 37.
1773
David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 156; James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 309.
1774
Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, 2005), 70.
1775
В общем, см. Everett Somerville Brown, ed., William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807 (London, 1923).
1776
Elias Smith, The Loving Kindness of God Disposed in the Triumph of Republicanism in America (n.p., 1809), 14–15.
1777
C. Edward Skeen, «Vox Populi, Vox Dei: The Compensation Act of 1816 and the Rise of Popular Politics», JER, 6 (1986), 259–60.
1778
Skeen, «Vox Populi, Vox Dei», JER, 6 (1986), 259–60.
1779
TJ to De Meunier, 29 April 1795, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Federal Edition (New York, 1904), 8: 174.
1780
Skeen, «Vox Populi, Vox Dei», JER, 6 (1986), 261.
1781
Caldwell, William Findley from West of the Mountains, 370–72.
1782
Skeen, «Vox Populi, Vox Dei», JER, 6 (1986), 272.
1783
Constantin Francois Volney, A New Translation of Volney’s Ruins; or, Mediations on the Revolution of Empires (Paris, 1802), 1: 152.
1784
Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1992), 360; North American Review, 3 (1816), 345–47.
1785
Nathaniel Cogswell, An Oration, Delivered Before the Republican Citizens of Newburyport… on the Fourth of July 1808 (Newburyport, 1808), 18–19; Monthly Anthology and Boston Review (Boston, 1808), 450; Pliny Merrick, An Oration, Delivered at Worcester, July 4, 1817 (Worcester, 1817), 9–10.
1786
Gordon S. Wood, «Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century», WMQ, 39 (1982), 439–41; David B. Davis, The Slave Power Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style (Baton Rouge, 1969); Thomas L. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority (Urbana, IL, 1977).
1787
Edward J. Nygren and Bruce Robertson, eds., Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830 (Washington, DC, 1986), 226, 37–40, 58.
1788
Joseph Hopkinson, Annual Discourse (1810), in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 336; Washington Irving, A History of New York (1809), in James W. Tuttleton, ed., Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches (New York, 1983), 489.
1789
New York Magazine, 5 (1794), 472, 474.
1790
TJ to John Banister Jr., 15 Oct. 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 636; to Joseph C. Cabell, 28 Nov. 1820, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 166; Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 1606–1865 (New York, 1946), 2: 503–4; DeWitt Clinton, An Introductory Discourse, Delivered Before the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, July 4th, 1814 (New York, 1815), 38.
1791
John C. Greene, «Science in the Age of Jefferson», Isis, 49 (1958), 24.
1792
Thomas Cooper, Port Folio, 5th Ser. (1817), 408–13.
1793
Hugo A. Meier, «Technology and Democracy, 1800–1860», Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 43 (1957), 622; Edward Handler, «‘Nature Itself Is All Arcanum’: The Scientific Outlook of John Adams», American Philosophical Society, Proc., 120 (1979), 223.
1794
Richard Harrison Shryock, Medicine and Society in America, 1660–1860 (New York, 1960), 70; Carl Binger, Revolutionary Doctor: Benjamin Rush, 1746–1813 (New York, 1966), 229.
1795
Whitfield J. Bell, Early American Science: Needs and Opportunities for Study (Williamsburg, 1955), 8–9; Donald J. D’Elia, «Dr. Benjamin Rush and the American Medical Revolution», American Philosophical Society, Proc., 110 (1966), 227–34.
1796
Port Folio, 4th Ser., 6 (1815), 275; Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago, 1982), 154.
1797
James H. Smylie, «Charles Nisbet: Second Thoughts on a Revolutionary Generation», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 98 (1974), 201.
1798
Daniel Drake, «Introductory Lecture for the Second Session of the Medical College of Ohio», Henry D. Shapiro and Zane L. Miller, eds., Physician in the West: Selected Writings of Daniel Drake (Lexington, KY, 1970), 171.
1799
Hopkinson, Annual Discourse, (1810), in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 333; Nathan Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, 1989), 45.
1800
Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P. T. Barnum (Boston, 1973); Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830–1870 (New Haven, 1982).
1801
Kenneth L. Sokoloff and B. Zorina Khan, «The Democratization of Invention During Early Industrialization: Evidence from the United States, 1790–1846», Journal of Economic History, 50 (1990), 363–78.
1802
Neil L. York, «Oliver Evans», American National Biography (New York, 1999), 7: 617–18; Eugene S. Ferguson, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution (Greenville, DE, 1980).
1803
Carolyn C. Cooper, «Thomas Blanchard», American National Biography, 2: 939–40.
1804
Jacob Bigelow, Inaugural Address, Delivered in the Chapel of the University at Cambridge, December 11, 1816 (Boston, 1817), 12, 13, 15, 16–17.
1805
Isaac Kramnick, «Republican Revisionism Revisited», AHR, 87 (1982), 662; Port Folio, 3rd Ser., 4 (1810), 571–72.
1806
Charles G. Haines, Considerations on the Great Western Canal (Brooklyn, 1818), 11.
1807
Samuel Blodgett, Economica: A Statistical Manual for the United States of America (Washington, DC, 1806), 102.
1808
Meyer Reinhold, Classica Americana: The Greek and Roman Heritage in the United States (Detroit, 1984), 129, 124.
1809
BR to James Hamilton, 27 June 1810, Letters of Rush, 2: 1053. Другие тоже считали, что число студентов колледжей и академий в Соединенных Штатах должно быть ограничено, «поскольку лишь немногие люди могут или должны жить своим образованием». David Barnes, A Discourse on Education (Boston, 1803), 11.
1810
Richard D. Brown, Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865 (New York, 1989), 212–15; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, D.D: Pastor of East Church, Salem, Massachusetts (Gloucester, MA, 1962), 4: 370.
1811
Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, MA, 2000), 11, 10.
1812
Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, 126.
1813
Hunt, As We Were, 42–43.
1814
Susan Dunn, Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison and the Decline of Virginia (New York, 2007), 42.
1815
Avery O. Craven, Soil Exhaustion as a Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland, 1606–1860 (1926; Gloucester, MA, 1965), 83; Edmund Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts (Boston, 1867), 354.
1816
В общем, смотрите, 225.
1817
Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought, 3rd ed. (New York, 1964), 245.
1818
TJ to Alexander von Humboldt, 6 Dec. 1813, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 14: 22–23; to William H. Crawford, 20 June 1816, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 34–35; to Henry Middleton, 8 Jan. 1813, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 13: 203; Robert E. Shalhope, «Thomas Jefferson’s Republicanism and Antebellum Southern Thought», Journal of Southern History, 42 (1976), 542; TJ to JM, 17 Feb. 1826, Jefferson: Writings, 1514.
1819
TJ to Lafayette, 4 Nov. 1823, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 280.
1820
TJ to Charles Pinckney, 30 Sept. 1820, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 15: 280; TJ to John Holmes, 22 April 1820, Jefferson: Writings, 1434.
1821
TJ to Lafayette, 26 Dec. 1820, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 180.
1822
TJ to J. Correa de Serra, 25 Nov. 1817, in L and B, eds. Writings of Jefferson, 15: 157; JM, «Advice to My Country» (1834), Madison: Writings, 866; Dunn, Dominion of Memories, 26.
1823
TJ, First Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 493.