Примечания
1
Richard Miller, “The Singing Teacher in the Age of Voice Science,” in Vocal Health and Pedagogy, 3rd ed., ed. Robert Sataloff (San Diego, CA: Plural, 1991), 7‐10.
2
U. S. Library of Congress, “Project on the Decade of the Brain,” January 3, 2000, www. loc. gov/loc/brain/.
3
Lynn Helding, “Voice Science and Vocal Art: In Search of Common Ground,” Journal of Singing 64, no. 2 (November/December 2007): 141‐50; Lynn Helding, “Connecting Voice Science to Vocal Art: Motor Learning Theory,” Journal of Singing 64, no. 4 (March/April 2008): 417‐28.
4
Lynn Helding, “The Missing Brain,” Journal of Singing 66, no. 1 (September/October 2009): 79‐83.
5
George A. Miller, “The Cognitive Revolution: A Historical Perspective,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7, no. 3 (March 2003).
6
Леонард Мейер – автор книги «Эмоции и смыслы в музыке». – Прим. пер.
7
«Прогулка по беспутному кварталу» – драматический фильм 1962 года, снятый по одноимённой повести Нельсона Олгрена. – Прим. пер.
8
«Кожаная лошадь» – веб-комикс, созданный Шеноном К. Гаррити и Джеффри Ченнингом Уэллсом.
9
Моя душа, мое сердце. Моя лучшая версия, мое лучшее Я. (нем.) – Прим. пер.
10
Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 24.
11
Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons, The Invisible Gorilla (New York: Crown, 2010), 142.
12
Carl Schoonover, Portraits of the Mind: Visualizing the Brain from Antiquity to the 21st Century (New York: Abrams, 2010).
13
Fox News, “Scientists Locate ‘God Spot’ in the Human Brain,” March 10, 2009, www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,507605,00. html; MSNBC, “Breast-Feeding Feeds Babies’ Big Brains,” March 29, 2011, www. msnbc. msn. com/id/ 42330417/ns/health-kids_and_parenting/; and Dennis Palumbo, “Attack of the Teenage Brain!!” Huffpost, May 25, 2011, www. huffingtonpost. com/dennispalumbo/attack-of-the-teenage-bra_b_173646. html.
14
Isabelle Peretz and Robert Zatorre, eds., The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), preface.
15
Название книги можно также перевести как «Это твой мозг на музыке», что отсылает к наркозависимости. Эта игра слов усиливается подзаголовком книги: «Наука о человеческой одержимости». – Прим. пер.
16
Daniel J. Levitin, This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession (New York: Penguin, 2006).
17
Elizabeth Quill, “A Mind for Music,” Science News 178, no. 4 (August 14, 2010): 17.
18
Ibid.
19
Человеческая ситуация или Человеческое условие – междисциплинарное понятие, описывающее условия человеческого существования. – Прим. пер.
20
Pinker, How the Mind Works, 528‐34.
21
See David Ball, The Music Instinct: How Music Works and Why We Can’t Do without It (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); and Steven Mithen, The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005).
22
Quill, “Mind for Music.”
23
See Adrian Bangerter and Chip Heath, “The Mozart Effect: Tracking the Evolution of a Scientific Legend,” British Journal of Social Psychology 43, no. 4 (December 2004): 613; and Christopher Chabris, “Prelude or Requiem for the ‘Mozart Effect’?” Nature 400 (August 1999): 826‐27.
24
E. Glenn Schellenberg, “Music Lessons Enhance IQ,” Psychological Science 15, no. 8 (August 2004): 511‐14. Его исследовательская группа объявила о бесплатных уроках для детей в обмен на участие в исследовании когнитивных преимуществ занятий музыкой. В общей сложности было отобрано 144 шестилетних ребенка, которые затем случайным образом были разделены на четыре предметные группы по 6 детей в каждой: две группы получали музыкальное образование (клавишное или голосовое), а две контрольные группы получали либо уроки драматургии, либо ничего. Уроки проводились в течение тридцати шести недель, и по окончании обучения каждый ребенок проходил тест на интеллект перед поступлением в первый класс, а затем еще раз в следующем году. Как и следовало ожидать, у всех детей наблюдалось значительное повышение IQ просто из‐за того, что они ходили в школу. Однако дети, которые посещали уроки музыки, показали в среднем повышение IQ на 2,7 балла больше по сравнению с детьми из контрольных групп.
25
Ibid., 513.
26
Ibid., 514.
27
Stephen Ceci and Wendy Williams, “Schooling, Intelligence and Income,” American Psychologist 52 (1997): 1051‐58.
28
Ronald G. Ehrenberg, Dominic J. Brewer, Adam Gamoran, and J. Douglas Willms, “Class Size and Student Achievement,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2, no. 1 (May 2001).
29
See Gael I. Orsmond and Leon K. Miller, “Cognitive, Musical and Environmental Correlates of Early Music Instruction,” Psychology of Music 27, no. 1 (April 1999): 18‐37; and Schellenberg, “Music Lessons Enhance IQ,” 511.
30
Samuel A. Mehr, “Music in the Home: New Evidence for an Intergenerational Link,” Journal of Research in Music Education 62, no. 1 (2014): 79. See also NAMM, “NAMM Global Report,” 2011, 175, www. nxtbook. com/ nxtbooks/namm/2011globalreport/UPI; UPI, “Poll: Music Education Is Important,” April 21, 2003, www. upi. com/Top_News/2003/04/21/Poll-Music-education-is-important/UPI-99891050959298/#ixzz35CK0oZUx; and NAMM, “New Gallup Survey by NAMM Reflects Majority of Americans Agree with Many Benefits of Playing Musical Instruments,” April 29, 2009, www. namm. org/ news/press-releases/new-gallup-survey-namm-reflects-majority-americans.
31
Samuel A. Mehr, Adena Schachner, Rachel C. Katz, and Elizabeth S. Spelke, “Two Randomized Trials Provide No Consistent Evidence for Nonmusical Cognitive Benefits of Brief Preschool Music Enrichment,” PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2013): e82007.
32
Samuel A. Mehr, “Miscommunication of Science: Music Cognition Research in the Popular Press,” Frontiers in Psychology, https://doi. org/10.3389/ fpsyg. 2015.00988.
33
Krista L. Hyde, Jason Lerch, Andrea Norton, Marie Forgeard, Ellen Winner, Alan C. Evans, and Gottfried Schlaug, “The Effects of Musical Training on Structural Brain Development: A Longitudinal Study,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1169 (2009): 182‐86.
34
E. Glenn Schellenberg, “Long-Term Positive Associations between Music Lessons and IQ,” Journal of Educational Psychology 98, no. 2 (2006): 466.
35
Ellen Winner and Lois Hetland, “Art for Our Sake,” Boston Globe, September 2, 2007, www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/09/02/art_for_our_sake. See also Lois Hetland, Ellen Winner, Shirley Veenema, and Kimberly M. Sheridan, Studio Thinking: The Real Benefits of Visual Arts Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 2007).
36
Joseph Carroll, “Steven Pinker’s Cheesecake for the Mind,” Philosophy and Literature 22, no. 2 (October 1998): 481.
37
Caveat emptor в переводе с латыни означает «Пусть покупатель остерегается». В английском языке эта фраза стала пословицей, означающей, что ответственность покупателя – проверить качество продукта перед покупкой. – Прим. пер.
38
David Brooks, “The Social Animal,” TED Talk, March 2011, http:// blog. ted. com/2011/03/14/the-social-animal-david-brooks-on-ted-com/.
39
Francesca Gino and Dan Ariely, “The Dark Side of Creativity: Original Thinkers Can Be More Dishonest,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102, no. 3 (2012): 445‐59.
40
Amy Chua, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother (New York: Penguin Press, 2011); and Amy Chua, “Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior,” Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2011, http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748704111504576059713528698754. html.
41
Daniel M. Wegner, “Ironic Processes of Mental Control,” Psychological Review 101, no. 1 (1994): 34.
42
See Maggie Jackson, Distracted: The Erosion of Attention and the Coming Dark Age (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2009).
43
See Daniel Pink, A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future (New York: Penguin, 2005).
44
Howard Gardner, The Mind’s New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 14.
45
Латинское выражение, применяемое к нескольким календарным годам, отмеченным необычными важными и позитивными событиями. – Прим. пер.
46
Steven Pinker, “The Cognitive Revolution,” Harvard Gazette, October 12, 2011, http://news. harvard. edu/gazette/story/multimedia/the-cognitive-revolution/. «Когнитивная революция, произошедшая в Гарварде, положила начало современному научному изучению разума. <…> Школа бихевиоризма стала доминировать в американской психологии до начала 1950‐х годов, когда ряд ученых, связанных с Гарвардом, начали переосмысливать всю эту идею».
47
Jonah Lehrer, “Hearts & Minds,” Boston Globe, April 29, 2007, www. boston. com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/04/29/hearts__minds.
48
George Mandler, “Origins of the Cognitive (R) Evolution,” Journal of History of the Behavioral Sciences 38, no. 4 (Fall 2002): 339‐53; see also Robert Proctor and Kim-Phuong L. Vu, “The Cognitive Revolution at Age 50: Has the Promise of the Human Information-Processing Approach Been Fulfilled?” International Journal of Human Computer Interaction 21, no. 3 (2006): 253‐84.
49
George Miller, “The Cognitive Revolution: A Historical Perspective,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7, no. 3 (March 2003): 142.
50
Thomas H. Leahey, “The Mythical Revolutions of American Psychology,” American Psychologist 47, no. 2 (February 1992): 316.
51
Roddy Roediger, “What Happened to Behaviorism?” Observer, March 2004, www. psychologicalscience. org/observer/getArticle. cfm?id=1540.
52
Michel Legrand, “Du behaviorisme au cognitivisme,” L’annee psychologique 90, no. 2 (1990): 248.
53
Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 9.
54
Ibid., 1.
55
Daniel Robinson, An Intellectual History of Psychology, 3rd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), 338.
56
Ibid., 342.
57
Kurt Koffka, Principles of Gestalt Psychology (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1935), 18.
58
Ibid., 8.
59
Robinson, Intellectual History of Psychology, 37.
60
See Penn Arts & Sciences, “Learned Helplessness Research,” Positive Psychology Center, https://ppc.sas.upenn. edu/research/learned-helplessness.
61
Joseph LeDoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (New York: Penguin, 2002), 23.
62
Alfie Kohn, “Newt Gingrich’s Reading Plan,” Education Week, April 19, 1995, www. alfiekohn. org/article/newt-gingrichs-reading-plan/.
63
Po Bronson, “How Not to Talk to Your Kids: The Inverse Power of Praise,” New York Magazine, February 11, 2007, http://nymag. com/news/features/27840/.
64
Jamie Cohen-Cole, “Instituting the Science of Mind: Intellectual Economies and Disciplinary Exchange at Harvard’s Center for Cognitive Studies,” British Journal for the History of Science 40, no. 4 (December 2007): 586.
65
Alfie Kohn, “Supernanny State,” The Nation, May 23, 2005, www. thenation. com/article/supernanny-state.
66
See Gardner, Mind’s New Science; and LeDoux, Synaptic Self, 23.
67
James S. Albus et al., “A Proposal for a Decade of the Mind Initiative,” Science 317, no. 7 (September 2007): 1321.
68
David Brooks, “The Social Animal,” TED Talk, March 2011, http:// blog. ted. com/2011/03/14/the-social-animal-david-brooks-on-ted-com/.
69
Justin Barrett, “A Cognitive Revolution? Which Cognitive Revolution?” The Immanent Frame, July 18, 2008, http://blogs. ssrc. org/tif/2008/07/18/which-cognitive-revolution/.
70
Leahey, “Mythical Revolutions.”
71
Гик – человек, чрезвычайно увлечённый чем‐либо; фанат. Изначально гиками именовали людей, увлечённых высокими технологиями. – Прим. пер.
72
Quoted in Lehrer, “Hearts & Minds.”
73
B. F. Skinner, A Matter of Consequences: Part Three of an Autobiography (New York: Knopf, 1983), 411.
74
Quoted in Robin Dougherty, “Between the Lines with Steven Pinker: Part of a Golden Age of Science Writing,” Boston Globe, December 26, 2004.
75
Alston Chase, Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist, (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).
76
Quoted in Dougherty, “Between the Lines.”
77
Quoted in Alston Chase, “Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber,” Atlantic Monthly, June 2000.
78
Chase, Harvard and the Unabomber, 257.
79
Herman, Romance of American Psychology, 126.
80
Sage Stossel, “The Disease of the Modern Era,” interview with Alston Chase, Atlantic Unbound, May 20, 2003.
81
Suzanne Cusick, “‘You Are in a Place That Is Out of the World…’ Music in the Detention Camps of the ‘Global War on Terror,’” Journal of the Society for American Music 2, no. 1 (2008): 3‐4.
82
Jane Mayer, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals (New York: Doubleday, 2008).
83
See Suzanne Cusick, “Music as Torture/Music as Weapon,” TRANS – Transcultural Music Review 10, article 11 (2006), www.sibetrans.com/trans/ trans10/cusick_eng. htm.
84
Oliver Sacks, Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 41.
85
BBC, “Sesame Street Breaks Iraqi POWs,” May 20, 2003, http:// news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/middle_east/3042907. stm.
86
Grant Hilary Brenner, MD, “The Expected Psychiatric Impact of Detention in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and Related Considerations,” Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 11, no. 4 (2010): 469‐87; see also Vincent Iacopino and Stephen N. Demakis, “Neglect of Medical Evidence of Torture in Guantánamo Bay: A Case Series,” PLoS Medicine 8, no. 4 (2011), http:// dx. doi. org/10.1371 %2Fjournal. pmed. 1001027.
87
“U. S. Bands Blast Use of Music in Guantánamo Interrogations,” https:// web. archive. org/web/20091025152431/http://news. yahoo. com/s/afp/usattack-sguantanamomusicprisoners.
88
See National Security Archive, “Musicians Seek Secret U. S. Documents on Music-Related Human Rights Abuses at Guantánamo,” October 22, 2009, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//news/20091022/index.htm; Sam Stein, “Music Stars Demand Records on Bush Administration’s Use of Music for Torture,” Huffington Post, October 21, 2009, www. huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/21/music-stars-demand-record_n_329476. html; and Joe Heim, “Torture Songs Spur a Protest Most Vocal: Musicians Call for Records on Guantánamo Detainee Treatment,” Washington Post, October 22, 2009, www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/21/AR2009102103743. html.
89
D. Graham Burnett, “A View from the Bridge: The Two Cultures Debate, Its Legacy, and the History of Science,” Daedalus 128, no. 2 (Spring 1999):196.
90
Thomas Pynchon, “Is It O. K. to Be a Luddite?” New York Times Book Review, October 28, 1984, www.nytimes.com/books/97/ 05/18/reviews/pynchon-luddite.html.
91
C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961), 4.
92
Ibid., 15‐16.
93
Ibid., 12.
94
Burnett, “View from the Bridge,” 199.
95
Ibid., 196.
96
Snow, The Two Cultures: And a Second Look, An Expanded Version of the Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964).
97
John Brockman, “The Third Culture,” Edge. org, September 9, 1991, www. edge. org/conversation/john_brockman-the-third-culture.
98
От англ. «digital» – «цифровой» и «literati» – «литераторы». Неформальные авторитеты, которые посредством своих публикаций выдвигают точку зрения на цифровые технологии и Интернет как на трансформирующий элемент социума; люди, уважаемые и известные в субкультуре Кремниевой долины. – Прим. пер.
99
John Brockman, “About Edge. org,” Edge. org, http://edge. org/about-us.
100
E. O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998).
101
Brockman,“AboutEdge. org.”
102
Howard Gardner, Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 26.
103
Jeffrey A. Schaler, ed., Howard Gardner under Fire: The Rebel Psychologist Faces His Critics (Peru, IL: Open Court, 2006).
104
Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 20th-anniversary ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2004), xiv – xv.
105
Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 83.
106
Gardner, Frames of Mind, xiii.
107
Ibid., xxxiii.
108
Sarah D. Sparks, “Class-Size Limits Targeted for Cuts,” Education Week 30, no. 13 (December 2010): 1‐16.
109
Robert A. Bjork, “Memory and Metamemory Considerations in the Training of Human Beings,” in Metacognition: Knowing about Knowing, ed. Janet Metcalfe and Arthur Shimamura, 185‐205 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994).
110
Gardner, Frames of Mind, 11.
111
Antonio Damasio, “This Time with Feeling,” YouTube, July 4, 2009, www. youtube. com/watch?v=IifXMd26gWE.
112
Ibid.
113
Ibid.
114
Ibid.
115
Jonah Lehrer, “Our Inner Artist,” Washington Post Book World, January 11, 2009, T8.
116
Jonah Lehrer, Proust Was a Neuroscientist (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 196‐97.
117
Ibid., vii.
118
Josh Levin, “Why Did Jonah Lehrer Plagiarize Himself?” Slate, June 19, 2012, www. slate. com/articles/life/culturebox/2012/06/jonah_lehrer_self_ plagiarism_the_new_yorker_staffer_stopped_being_a_writer_and_became_an _idea_man_. html. Обратите внимание, что Хоутон Миффлин Харкорт, издатель всех трех книг Лерера, снял с публикации третью («Воображение») и предложил вернуть деньги за вторую («Как мы решаем»), но всё же провел постпубликационный обзор первой книги Лерера, «Пруст был нейроученым», и, не обнаружив никаких проблем, решил сохранить ее в печати. См. Michael Moynihan, “Publisher Pulls Jonah Lehrer’s ‘How We Decide’ from Stores,” Daily Beast, updated July 12, 2017, www. thedailybeast. com/publisher-pulls-jonah-lehrers-how-we-decide-from-stores.
119
Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (New York: Little, Brown, 2000); Malcolm Gladwell, Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking (New York: Little, Brown, 2005); and Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008).
120
Daniel Pink, A Whole New Mind: Moving from the Information Age to the Conceptual Age (New York: Penguin, 2005).
121
Daniel McGinn and Jennifer Barrett Ozols, “Quick Read,” Newsweek, April 17, 2005, www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2005/04/17/quickread. html.
122
Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 24.
123
Gardner, Frames of Mind, 208.
124
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, “What a Musician Is,” De institutione musica, in Music Theory Translation Series: Fundamentals of Music, trans. Calvin M. Bower, ed. Claude V. Palisca (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 50‐51.
125
Жак Барзун, почетный профессор, бывший декан факультетов и проректор Колумбийского университета, в “Trim the College? – A Utopia!” (Chronicle Review, June 22, 2001), писал,
Но как быть со студентом, чьи интересы лежат в такой области, как кино и театр, искусство и музыка, фотография и телевидение, и который хочет «получить квалификацию» для работы на следующий день после окончания учебы? Пусть в кампусе или в ближайшем университете будет школа прикладного искусства, подобная школам бизнеса и журналистики. Прикладное искусство – это не работа колледжа; само расписание многочасовых занятий приводит к конфликтам с другими учебными заведениями.
126
Suzanne Nalbantian, “Neuroaesthetics: Neuroscientific Theory and Illustration from the Arts,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 33, no. 4 (December 2008): 357‐68.
127
David Brooks, “The Best Books on Neuroscience: Recommended by David Brooks,” Five Books, October 8, 2009, https://fivebooks. com/best-books/david-brooks-neuroscience/.
128
Jonah Lehrer, Proust Was a Neuroscientist, press release, www. houghtonmifflinbooks. com/booksellers/press_release/lehrer/.
129
Society for Music Perception and Cognition, 2019, www. musicperception.org/.
130
Quoted in Alexander C. Kafka, “Eric Kandel’s Visions,” Chronicle Review, March 11, 2012, http://chronicle. com/article/Eric-Kandels-Visions/131095/.
131
Burnett, “View from the Bridge,” 214.
132
Curtis D. Carbonell, “The Third Culture,” Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, November 22, 2010, http://ieet.org/index. php/IEET/more/4334.
133
Quoted in Kafka, “Eric Kandel’s Visions.”
134
Charles Limb and Allen R. Braun, “Neural Substrates of Spontaneous Musical Performance: An fMRI Study of Jazz Improvisation,” PLoS ONE 3, no. 2 (February 2008): 1‐9, www. plosone. org/article/info: doi%2F10.1371 %2Fjournal. pone. 0001679.
135
Ibid., 5.
136
Ibid., 4.
137
Russell Blackford, “Will Science Put the Humanities Out of Business?” Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, November 12, 2010, http://ieet. org/index. php/IEET/more/4315.
138
Herman, Romance of American Psychology, 4.
139
Blackford,“Will Science?”
140
Gardner, Frames of Mind, 150.
141
Jane Howard, “A Book and Show for Agnes de Mille, the Grande Dame of Dance,” Life, November 15, 1963, 89‐94.
142
Eric R. Kandel, “The New Science of Mind,” New York Times, September 6, 2013, www. nytimes. com/2013/09/08/opinion/sunday/the-new-science-of-mind. html.
143
Christof Koch, “Decoding ‘the Most Complex Object in the Universe,’” NPR, June 14, 2013, www. npr. org/2013/06/14/191614360/decodingthe-most-complex-object-in-the-universe.
144
Eric Kandel, “The New Science of Mind,” Scientific American Mind (April/May 2006): 65.
145
See B. L. Beyerstein, “Brainscams: Neuromythologies of the New Age,” International Journal of Mental Health 19, no. 3 (1990): 27‐36; S. Della Salla, ed., Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions about the Mind and Brain (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999); and S. Della Salla, ed., Tall Tales about the Mind and Brain: Separating Fact from Fiction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
146
See UPI, “Poll: Music Education Is Important,” April 21, 2003, www. upi. com/Top_News/2003/04/21/Poll-Music-education-is-important/UPI-99891050959298/#ixzz35CK0oZUx; and NAMM, “New Gallup Survey by NAMM Reflects Majority of Americans Agree with Many Benefits of Playing Musical Instruments,” April 29, 2009, www. namm. org/news/press-releases/new-gallup-survey-namm-reflects-majority-americans.
147
Francis Rauscher, Gordon Shaw, and Katherine Ky, “Music and Spatial Task Performance,” Nature 365 (October 1993): 611.
148
Quoted in Alix Spiegel, “Mozart Effect, Schmozart Effect: Science Misinterpreted,” NPR, June 26, 2010, www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php?storyId=128104580.
149
“Governor Wants Babies to Hear Classical Music,” Augusta Chronicle, http://chronicle. augusta. com/stories/1998/01/14/met_220543. shtml.
150
State of Florida Senate Bill 660, May 21, 1998.
151
The Mozart Effect Resource Centre, 2016, www. mozarteffect. com.
152
Karen Auge, “Baby Einstein DVD Creators Find Redemption in Documents Suggesting Negative Study Was Flawed,” Denver Post, June 30, 2011, www. denverpost. com/ci_18381772.
153
В английском языке «змеиным маслом» называют продукты, которые рекламируют и продают как лекарство от всех болезней, но которые не имеют реальной медицинской ценности. – Прим. пер.
154
Tamar Lewin, “‘Baby Einstein’ Founder Goes to Court,” New York Times, January 13, 2010, www. nytimes. com/2010/01/13/education/13einstein. html.
155
Spiegel, “Mozart Effect, Schmozart Effect.”
156
Joel Schwarz, “Baby DVDs, Videos May Hinder, Not Help, Infants’ Language Development,” UW News, August 7, 2007, www. washington. edu/ news/2007/08/07/baby-dvds-videos-may-hinder-not-help-infants-language-development/.
157
Ibid.
158
Auge, “Baby Einstein DVD Creators.”
159
Tamar Lewin, “No Einstein in Your Crib? Get a Refund,” New York Times, October 24, 2009, www. nytimes. com/2009/10/24/education/ 24baby. html.
160
Christopher Chabris, “Prelude or Requiem for the ‘Mozart Effect’?” Nature 400 (August 26, 1999): 826‐27.
161
See Pippa McKelvie and Jason Low, “Listening to Mozart Does Not Improve Children’s Spatial Ability: Final Curtains for the Mozart Effect,” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 20, no. 2 (2002): 241‐58.
162
Spiegel, “Mozart Effect, Schmozart Effect.”
163
E. Glenn Schellenberg, “Music Lessons Enhance IQ,” Psychological Science 15, no. 8 (2004): 511‐14.
164
Adrian Bangerter and Chip Heath, “The Mozart Effect: Tracking the Evolution of a Scientific Legend,” British Journal of Social Psychology 43, no. 4 (December 2004): 608.
165
Ibid., 619.
166
See Norman Doidge, The Brain That Changes Itself (New York: Viking Penguin, 2007).
167
Quoted in Sarah Moughty, “The Zero to Three Debate: A Cautionary Look at Turning Science into Policy,” PBS, January 31, 2012, www. pbs. org/ wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/science/zero. html.
168
Ibid.
169
Zero to Three, “Our Work,” 2019, www. zerotothree. org/our-work.
170
John T. Bruer, The Myth of the First Three Years (New York: Free Press, 1999).
171
John T. Bruer, “A Path Not Taken,” 2002, James S. McDonnell Foundation, www. jsmf. org/about/j/path_not_taken. htm.
172
Ibid.
173
Malcolm Macmillan, “The Phineas Gage Story,” Cummings Center for the History of Psychology, University of Akron, www. uakron. edu/gage/story. dot.
174
Ibid.
175
Malcolm Macmillan and Matthew Lena, “Rehabilitating Phineas Gage,” Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 20, no. 5 (2010): 641‐58, doi:10.1080/ 09602011003760527.
176
В то время как центр Брока предназначен для производства речи, вкладом Вернике было определение места обработки речи. Эта область, названная в его честь, по «измерениям мозга» находится далеко от области Брока. Таким образом, афазики Брока обычно не могут произнести ничего, кроме нескольких слогов, но понимают, что им говорят, в то время как афазики Вернике могут говорить хорошо, но в их словах мало смысла.
177
See Sam Kean, The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons (New York: Little, Brown, 2014); and Hugh W. Buckingham, “The Marc Dax (1770–1837)/ Paul Broca (1824–1880) Controversy over Priority in Science: Left Hemisphere Specificity for Seat of Articulate Language and for Lesions That Cause Aphemia,” Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 20, nos. 7‐8 (2006): 613‐19.
178
Roger W. Sperry, “Some Effects of Disconnecting the Cerebral Hemispheres,” Nobel Prize, www. nobelprize. org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/ 25059‐roger-w-sperry-nobel-lecture-1981/.
179
For information on split-brain patients, see Michael S. Gazzaniga, “Spheres of Influence,” Scientific American Mind (June/July 2008); and Emily Esfahani Smith, “One Head, Two Brains,” Atlantic, July 27, 2015.
180
Sperry, “Some Effects of Disconnecting.”
181
Michael Gazzaniga, “The Split Brain in Man,” Scientific American 217, no. 2 (1967): 24‐29.
182
For an excellent overview, see Stephen M. Kosslyn and G. Wayne Miller, Top Brain, Bottom Brain: Surprising Insights into How You Think (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), ch. 5.
183
Barry L. Beyerstein, “Brainscams: Neuromythologies of the New Age,” International Journal of Mental Health 19, no. 3 (Fall 1990): 32.
184
Betty Edwards, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain (Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, 1979), vii.
185
Ibid.
186
Richard Bergland, The Fabric of the Mind (New York: Viking Penguin, 1985). Dr. Bergland served as a neuroexpert for art teacher Betty Edwards. According to Bergland’s son, his father later regretted abetting this popular account of the creative right brain; see Christopher Bergland, “The Split-Brain: An Ever-Changing Hypothesis,” Psychology Today, March 30, 2017, www. psychologytoday. com/blog/the-athletes-way/201703/the-split-brain-ever-changing-hypothesis.
187
Edward, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain.
188
Charles Limb and Allen R. Braun, “Neural Substrates of Spontaneous Musical Performance: An fMRI Study of Jazz Improvisation,” PLoS ONE 3, no. 2 (February 2008).
189
Charles Limb, “Your Brain on Improv,” TED Talk, November 2010, www. ted. com/talks/charles_limb_your_brain_on_improv.
190
Bertram Raven, “The Bases of Power: Origins and Recent Developments,” Journal of Social Issues 49, no. 4 (Winter 1993): 237‐38.
191
Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons, The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us (New York: Crown, 2010), 142.
192
Jill Bolte Taylor, “My Stroke of Insight,” TED Talk, February 2008, www. ted. com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight/transcript.
193
Ibid. Я познакомилась с Тейлор, когда она писала первую, самостоятельно опубликованную версию того, что позже стало ее бестселлером – мемуарами «Мое прозрение». Последующее приглашение сопровождать ее во время ночной экскурсии в лабораторию по изучению трупов в Университете Индианы выявило человека, который действительно верил в эти две мозговые «личности» и был недвусмысленно уверен в том, какая сторона – правая – обещает «глубокий внутренний покой» как в межличностном, так и в глобальном масштабе.
194
Iain McGilchrist, “Of Two Minds: The Origins of Our Mental Malaise,” YouTube, March 7, 2012, www. youtube. com/watch?v=6JbImYfRaZ8.
195
Kosslyn and Miller, Top Brain, Bottom Brain, xii.
196
Sperry, “Some Effects of Disconnecting.”
197
Iain McGilchrist, “Echange of Views: Top Brain, Bottom Brain: A Reply to Stephen Kosslyn and Wayne Miller,” http://178.62.31.128/exchange-of-views/.
198
Melinda Rogers, “Researchers Debunk Myth of ‘Right-Brain’ and ‘Left-Brain’ Personality Traits,” University of Utah Health Care, August 14, 2013, https://healthcare. utah. edu/publicaffairs/news/2013/08/08‐14‐2013_brain_personality_traits. php.
199
Harold Pashler, Mark McDaniel, Doug Rohrer, and Robert Bjork, “Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9, no 3 (2008): 105‐19. See also Polly R. Husmann and Valerie Dean O’Loughlin, “Another Nail in the Coffin for Learning Styles? Disparities among Undergraduate Anatomy Students’ Study Strategies, Class Performance, and Reported VARK Learning Styles,” Anatomical Sciences Education 12, no. 1 (2019): 6‐19.
200
Карта «Бесплатный выход из тюрьмы» – элемент настольной игры «Монополия», которая стала популярной метафорой чего‐то, что поможет выбраться из нежелательной ситуации. – Прим. пер.
201
Christian Gaser and Gottfried Schlaug, “Brain Structures Differ between Musicians and Non-Musicians,” Journal of Neuroscience 23, no. 27 (2003): 9240‐45. See also Gottfried Schlaug, Lutz Jäncke, Y. X. Huang, and H. Steinmetz, “In Vivo Evidence of Structural Brain Asymmetry in Musicians,” Science 3 (1995): 267.
202
Krista L. Hyde, Jason Lerch, Andrea Norton, Marie Forgeard, Ellen Winner, Alan C. Evans, and Gottfried Schlaug, “The Effects of Musical Training on Structural Brain Development: A Longitudinal Study,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1169 (2009): 182‐86.
203
National Aphasia Assocation, “Aphasia FAQs,” www. aphasia. org/aphasia-faqs/.
204
Richard Knox, “Singing Therapy Helps Stroke Patients Speak Again,” NPR, December 26, 2011, www. npr. org/sections/health-shots/2011/12/26/ 144152193/singing-therapy-helps-stroke-patients-speak-again.
205
See Northwestern University, “Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory,” 2019, Brainvolts, www. soc. northwestern. edu/brainvolts/.
206
Emily Gersema, “Music Training Can Change Children’s Brain Structure and Boost the Decision-Making Network,” USCDornsife, November 28, 2017, https://dornsife. usc. edu/news/stories/2711/music-training-can-change-childrens-brain-structure-and-boost-th/.
207
Assal Habibi, Antonio Damasio, Beatriz Ilari, Ryan Veiga, Anand A. Joshi, Richard M. Leahy, Justin P. Haldar, Divya Varadarajan, Chitresh Bhushan, and Hanna Damasio, “Childhood Music Training Induces Change in Micro- and Macroscopic Brain Structure: Results from a Longitudinal Study,” Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 12 (2017): 4336‐47.
208
Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 534.
209
Ibid.
210
See Dan Sperber, “The Modularity of Thought and the Epidemiology of Representations,” in Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, ed. Lawrence A. Hirschfeld and Susan A. Gelman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 56. See also Dan Sperber, Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996).
211
Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 123.
212
Steven Mithen, The Singing Neanderthals (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 1.
213
Обзор многих гипотез о важности и использовании музыки, которые были выдвинуты как до, так и после печально известного «чизкейкового» опровержения музыки Пинкера, см. Mithen, Singing Neanderthals, 5, гдеонцитируетработу of Ian Cross, Elizabeth Tolbert, Nicholas Bannon, Robin Dunbar, John Blacking, and Alison Wray.
214
Pinker, How the Mind Works, 24.
215
Daniel Robinson, An Intellectual History of Psychology, 3rd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), 338.
216
David Chalmers, “Facing up to the Problem of Consciousness,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 2, no. 3 (March 1995): 200‐19.
217
Joseph LeDoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (New York: Penguin, 2002), 10.
218
Ibid.
219
Monica Cowart, “Embodied Cognition,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, www. iep. utm. edu/embodcog/#H2.
220
Eric Kandel, In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 9.
221
LeDoux, Synaptic Self, 10.
222
Ibid., 11.
223
Jason Stanley and John W. Krakauer, “Motor Skill Depends on Knowledge of Facts,” Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 7, no. 503 (August 2013): 1‐11.
224
Jason Stanley and John W. Krakauer, “Is the Dumb Jock Really a Nerd?” New York Times, October 27, 2013, http://opinionator. blogs.nytimes. com/2013/10/27/is-the-dumb-jock-really-a-nerd/.
225
Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 22.
226
Stanley and Krakauer, “Dumb Jock.”
227
Ibid.
228
Howard Gardner, “Big Thinkers: Howard Gardner on Multiple Intelligences,” Edutopia, April 1, 2009, www. edutopia. org/multiple-intelligences-howard-gardner-video.
229
LeDoux, Synaptic Self, 23.
230
Ibid.
231
Stanley and Krakauer, “Dumb Jock.”
232
Michael Gazzaniga, “Personal Identity, Neuroethics and the Human Brain,” Media Central, April 14, 2005, https://mediacentral. princeton. edu/media/Personal+Idenity%2C+Neuroethics+and+the+Human+Brain/1_3mogkeqb.
233
Мое личное свидетельство, я там присутствовала. Реакцию можно услышать в Gazzaniga, “Personal Identity,” начиная с заявления Газзанига на 15:47.
234
Daniel Leviton, The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload (New York: Dutton, 2015), 37‐74.
235
Marcus E. Raichle, Ann Mary MacLeod, Abraham Z. Snyder, William J. Powers, Debra A. Gusnard, and Gordon L. Shulman, “A Default Mode of Brain Function,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 2 (2001): 676‐82.
236
Marcus E. Raichle and Abraham Z. Snyder, “A Default Mode of Brain Function: A Brief History of an Evolving Idea,” Neuroimage 37, no. 4 (2007): 1087.
237
Marcus E. Raichle, “The Brain’s Dark Energy,” Science 314, no. 5803 (2006): 1249‐50.
238
Alfie Kohn, Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A’s, Praise, and Other Bribes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993); and Alfie Kohn, “Rewards Are Still Bad News (25 Years Later),” October 28, 2018, www. alfiekohn. org/article/rewards-25‐years-later/:
239
University of Birmingham, “Autonomy in the Workplace Has Positive Effects on Well-Being and Job Satisfaction, Study Finds,” April 24, 2017, ScienceDaily, www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2017/04/170424215501. htm.
240
Rosanna Greenstreet, “Lang Lang: ‘I’d Play the Piano at 5 a.m.,’” Guardian, May 13, 2011, www. theguardian. com/lifeandstyle/2011/may/14/lang-lang-piano-china-father.
241
Attributed to psychologist Donald Hebb in his 1949 book The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory (New York: Wiley, 1949).
242
Gary Marcus, The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 99.
243
John H. Byrne, “How Neuroscience Captured the Twenty-First Century’s First Nobel Prize,” Cerebrum, April 1, 2001. https://www. dana. org/article/ how-neuroscience-captured-the-twenty-first-centurys-first-nobel-prize/.
244
Eric Kandel, In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 5.
245
Norman Doidge, The Brain That Changes Itself (New York: Viking Penguin, 2007), xviii.
246
Oliver Sacks, “This Year, Change Your Mind,” New York Times, December 31, 2010, www. nytimes. com/2011/01/01/opinion/01sacks. html.
247
Cell Press, “Older Adults Grow Just as Many New Brain Cells as Young People,” Science Daily, April 5, 2018, www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2018/04/ 180405223413. htm.
248
Doidge, Brain That Changes, 242‐43.
249
Alvaro Pascual-Leone and Roy Hamilton, “The Metamodal Organization of the Brain,” Progress in Brain Research 134 (2001): 427‐45.
250
Daphne Bavelier and Helen J. Neville, “Cross-Modal Plasticity: Where and How?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 (2002): 443‐52; see also Doidge, Brain That Changes.
251
Michael Merzenich, “Growing Evidence of Brain Plasticity,” TED Talk, February 2004, www. ted. com/talks/michael_merzenich_on_the_elastic_brain?language=en.
252
Ibid. 20. Doidge, Brain That Changes.
253
Quoted in Elizabeth Green, “Building a Better Teacher,” New York Times, March 7, 2010, www. nytimes. com/2010/03/07/magazine/07Teacherst. html.
254
See Gabriele Wulf, Attention and Motor Skill Learning (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2007); and Ingo Titze and Katherine Verdolini-Abbott, Vocology: The Science and Practice of Voice Habilitation (Salt Lake City, UT: National Center for Voice and Speech, 2012), ch. 7.
255
Lynn Helding, “Master Class Syndrome,” Journal of Singing 67, no. 1 (2010): 73‐78.
256
Robert Bjork, “Memory and Metamemory Considerations in the Training of Human Beings,” in Metacognition: Knowing about Knowing, ed. Janet Metcalfe and Arthur Shimamura, 185‐205 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994).
257
Suzuki Association of the Americas, “Bowhold Training Aids,” June 24, 2011, to May 5, 2014, https://suzukiassociation. org/discuss/6730/.
258
A. W. Salmoni, R. A. Schmidt, and C. B. Walter, “Knowledge of Results and Motor Learning: A Review and Critical Reappraisal,” Psychological Bulletin 95 (1984): 355‐86. See also Richard Schmidt and Timothy Lee, Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis, 4th ed. (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005), 359‐60.
259
R. A. Schmidt, “A Schema Theory of Discrete Motor Skill Learning,” Psychological Review 82 (1975): 225‐60. See also R. A. Schmidt, “Motor Schema Theory after 27 Years: Reflections and Implications for a New Theory,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 74 (2003): 366‐75.
260
Bjork, “Memory and Metamemory.”
261
See Schmidt and Lee, Motor Control and Learning, 428.
262
Карнеги-холл – концертный зал в Нью-Йорке, на углу Седьмой авеню и 57‐й улицы Манхэттена. Одна из самых престижных в мире площадок для исполнения классической музыки. – Прим. пер.
263
Ibid., 322.
264
See performance psychologist and musician’s Noa Kageyama’s website for more researched practice tips: “Turn Your Practice Up to 11,” Bulletproof Musician, https://bulletproofmusician. com/resources/.
265
Tadhg E. MacIntyre, Christopher R. Madan, Aidan P. Moran, Christian Collet, and Aymeric Guillot, “Motor Imagery, Performance and Motor Rehabilitation,” Progress in Brain Research 240 (2018): 145.
266
Среднее время реакции человека составляет 0,25 секунды на визуальный стимул, 0,17 секунды на звуковой стимул и 0,15 секунды на сенсорный стимул. Daisy Yuhas, “Speedy Science: How Fast Can You React?” Scientific American, May 24, 2012, www. scientificamerican. com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/; Backyard Brains, “Experiment: How Fast Your Brain Reacts to Stimuli,” 2017, https://backyardbrains. com/experiments/reaction-time.
267
Aidan Moran, Aymeric Guillot, Tadhg MacIntyre, and Christian Collet, “Re-imagining Motor Imagery: Building Bridges between Cognitive Neuroscience and Sport Psychology,” British Journal of Psychology 103, no. 2 (2012): 225.
268
See Alvaro Pascual-Leone, “The Brain That Plays Music and Is Changed by It,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 930, no. 1 (2001): 315‐29.
269
Schmidt and Lee, Motor Control and Learning, 353‐55.
270
Edmund Jacobson, “Electrical Measurements of Neuromuscular States during Mental Activities: I. Imagination of Movement Involving Skeletal Muscle,” American Journal of Physiology – Legacy Content 91, no. 2 (1930): 569.
271
Ibid., 607. Согласно его некрологу в «New York Times», доктор Джейкобсон стал известен как «отец прогрессивной мышечной релаксации» и содержал клиники как в Чикаго, так и на Манхэттене, где обучал этой технике пациентов. Он автор более ста статей, а также тринадцати книг, в том числе «Как расслабиться и родить ребенка: научная релаксация при родах» (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), которые присоединились к растущему движению «естественныероды».
272
For an extensive overview of this research, see A. Guillot, M. Louis, and C. Collet, “Neurophysiological Substrates of Motor Imagery Ability,” in The Neurophysiological Foundations of Mental and Motor Imagery, ed. A. Guillot and C. Collet, 109‐24 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). See also S. L. Beilock and I. M. Lyons, “Expertise and the Mental Simulation of Action,” in The Handbook of Imagination and Mental Simulation, ed. K. Markman, B. Klein, and J. Suhr, 21‐34 (Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2009).
273
M. Jeannerod, “The Representing Brain: Neural Correlates of Motor Intention and Imagery,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1994): 187‐202; and M. Jeannerod, “Neural Simulation of Action: A Unifying Mechanism for Motor Cognition,” Neuroimage 14 (2001): S103 – S109, https://doi. org/10.1006/ nimg. 2001.0832.
274
Ingo G. Meister, Timo Krings, Henrik Foltys, Babak Boroojerdi, M. Müller, R. Töpper, and A. Thron, “Playing Piano in the Mind – An fMRI Study on Music Imagery and Performance in Pianists,” Cognitive Brain Research 19, no. 3 (2004): 219‐28. See also Pascual-Leone, “Brain That Plays Music.”
275
G. Rizzolatti, L. Fogassi, and V. Gallese, “Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying the Understanding and Imitation of Action,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2, no. 9 (2001): 661‐70, https://doi. org/10.1038/35090060.
276
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran, “Mirror Neurons and Imitation Learning as the Driving Force behind the Great Leap Forward in Human Evolution,” Edge. org, May 31, 2000, www. edge. org/conversation/mirror-neurons-and-imitation-learning-as-the-driving-force-behind-the-great-leap-forward-in-human-evolution.
277
Roy Mukamel, Arne D. Ekstrom, Jonas Kaplan, Marco Iacoboni, and Itzhak Fried, “Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions,” Current Biology 20, no. 8 (2010): 750‐56. See also Christian Keysers and Valeria Gazzola, “Social Neuroscience: Mirror Neurons Recorded in Humans,” Current Biology 20, no. 8 (2010): R353–54.
278
Nikos Logothetis, “What We Can Do and What We Cannot Do with fMRI,” Nature 453, no. 7197 (2008): 870.
279
American Association for the Advancement of Science, “UCLA Researchers Make First Direct Recording of Mirror Neurons in Human Brain,” EurekAlert! April 12, 2010, www. eurekalert. org/pub_releases/2010‐04/uoc-urm041210. php.
280
Raleigh Mcelvery, “How the Brain Links Gestures, Perception and Meaning,” Quanta, March 25, 2019, www. quantamagazine. org/how-the-brain-links-gestures-perception-and-meaning-20190325.
281
Gerry Leisman, Ahmed A. Moustafa, and Tal Shafir, “Thinking, Walking, Talking: Integratory Motor and Cognitive Brain Function,” Frontiers in Public Health 4 (2016): 94.
282
Phillip Cohen, “Mental Gymnastics Increase Bicep Strength,” New Scientist, November 21, 2001, www. newscientist. com/article/dn1591‐mental-gymnastics-increase-bicep-strength/.
283
Vinoth K. Ranganathan, Vlodek Siemionow, Jing Z. Liu, Vinod Sahgal, and Guang H. Yue, “From Mental Power to Muscle Power – Gaining Strength by Using the Mind,” Neuropsychologia 42, no. 7 (2004): 945.
284
MacIntyre et al., “Motor Imagery, Performance and Motor Rehabilitation,” 142.
285
Schmidt and Lee, Motor Learning and Performance, 258.
286
Lynn Helding, “Cognitive Dissonance: Facts versus Alternative Facts,” Journal of Singing 74, no. 1 (September/October 2017): 89‐93.
287
See Manuj Yadav and Densil Cabrera, “Autophonic Loudness of Singers in Simulated Room Acoustic Environments,” Journal of Voice 31, no. 3 (May 2017): 13‐15.
288
N. Scotto Di Carlo, “Internal Voice Sensitivities in Opera Singers,” Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 46 (1994): 79‐85.
289
Ibid.
290
Leon Festinger, “Cognitive Dissonance,” Scientific American 207, no. 4 (October 1962): 93.
291
See Scott McCoy, Your Voice: An Inside View, 3rd ed. (Delaware, OH: Inside View Press, 2012).
292
World Health Organization, Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action (Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003), 137.
293
See Lynn Helding, “Mindful Voice: Teaching Voice with the Brain in Mind,” Journal of Singing 70, no. 3 (January/February 2014): 349‐54.
294
Schmidt and Lee, Motor Learning and Performance, 258.
295
Ibid.
296
Ibid., 68.
297
Ibid., 282 (emphasis mine).
298
Ibid., 262.
299
Сокращение от англ. «Too Much Information». – Прим. пер.
300
Gabriele Wulf, “Attentional Focus and Motor Learning: A Review of 15 Years,” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 6, no. 1 (January 2013): 78.
301
Ibid., 77.
302
Ibid., 78‐79.
303
Barbara Montero, “Does Bodily Awareness Interfere with Highly Skilled Movement?” Inquiry 53, no. 2 (March 2010): 105‐6.
304
Barbara Gail Montero, Thought in Action: Expertise and the Conscious Mind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
305
Schmidt and Lee, Motor Learning and Performance, 56.
306
Wulf, “Attentional Focus,” 89.
307
See R. A. Poldrack, J. Clark, E. J. Paré-Blagoev, D. Shohamy, J. Creso Moyano, C. Myers, and M. A. Gluck, “Interactive Memory Systems in the Human Brain,” Nature 414 (2001): 546‐50; and R. A. Poldrack and M. G. Packard, “Competition among Multiple Memory Systems: Converging Evidence from Animal and Human Brain Studies,” Neuropsychologia 41 (2003): 245‐51.
308
Wulf, “Attentional Focus,” 99.
309
Quoted in Cary Groner, “Internal vs. External Focus: Effects on Motor Learning,” Lower Extremity Review Magazine, September 2014, 2.
310
Gabriele Wulf, “Why Did Tiger Woods Shoot 82? A Commentary on Toner and Moran,” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 22 (January 2016): 337‐38 (выделениемое).
311
Adina Mornell, in Gabriele Wulf, Attention and Motor Learning, 140‐41.
312
W. Timothy Gallwey, The Inner Game of Tennis, rev. ed. (New York: Random House, 1974), xii – xiv.
313
See Katherine Verdolini-Abbott, “Perceptual-Motor Learning Principles: How to Train,” in Vocology: The Science and Practice of Voice Habilitation (Salt Lake City, UT: National Center for Voice and Speech, 2012), ch. 7.
314
Katherine Verdolini, “On the Voice: Learning Science Applied to Voice Training: The Value of Being ‘In the Moment,’” Choral Journal 42, no. 7 (February 2002): 49‐50.
315
Adina Mornell, in Wulf, Attention and Motor Skill Learning, 141.
316
Wulf, “Attentional Focus,” 91; Sian Beilock, Thomas Carr, Clare Mac-Mahon, and Janet Starkes, “When Paying Attention Becomes Counterproductive: Impact of Divided versus Skill-Focused Attention on Novice and Experienced Performance of Sensorimotor Skills,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 8, no. 1 (March 2002): 6‐16; and Sian Beilock, Bennett Bertenthal, Annette McCoy, and Thomas Carr, “Haste Does Not Always Make Waste: Expertise, Direction of Attention, and Speed versus Accuracy in Performing Sensorimotor Skills,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 11, no. 2 (April 2004): 373‐79.
317
Beilock, Carr, MacMahon, and Starkes, “When Paying Attention,” 15.
318
Montero, Thought in Action, 25.
319
See H. Dreyfus and S. Dreyfus, Mind over Machine (New York: Free Press, 1986); and P. M. Fitts and M. I. Posner, Human Performance (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1967).
320
Montero, Thought in Action, 237.
321
Ibid., 77.
322
Ibid., 237‐38.
323
P. W. Burgess, N. Alderman, C. Forbes, A. Costello, L. M. Coates, D. R. Lawson, N. D. Anderson, S. J. Gilbert, I. Dumontheil, and S. Channon, “The Case for the Development and Use of ‘Ecologically Valid’ Measures of Executive Function in Experimental and Clinical Neuropsychology,” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 12 (2006): 194‐209.
324
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (New York: Harper & Row, 1990).
325
Gabriele Wulf and Charles H. Shea, “Principles Derived from the Study of Simple Skills Do Not Generalize to Complex Skill Learning,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 9, no. 2 (2002): 185‐211.
326
Charles Limb and A. Braun, “Neural Substrates of Spontaneous Musical Performance: An fMRI Study of Jazz Improvisation,” PLOS One 3, no. 2 (2008): e1679.
327
Charles Limb, “Your Brain on Improve,” TED Talk, November 2010, www. ted. com/talks/charles_limb_your_brain_on_improv.
328
Malinda McPherson and Charles J. Limb, “Difficulties in the Neuroscience of Creativity: Jazz Improvisation and the Scientific Method,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1303 (November 2013): 80.
329
For a succinct overview, including links, see Benedict Carey, “Many Psychology Findings Not as Strong as Claimed, Study Says,” New York Times, August 27, 2015, www. nytimes. com/2015/08/28/science/many-social-science-findings-not-as-strong-as-claimed-study-says. html.
330
Roger Chaffin and Topher Logan, “Practicing Perfection: How Concert Soloists Prepare for Performance,” Advances in Cognitive Psychology 2 (2006): 115.
331
University of Connecticut, “Roger Chaffin, Professor: Biography,” https://musiclab. uconn. edu/roger-chaffin/#.
332
Hubert Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus, “The Ethical Implications of the Five-Stage Skill-Acquisition Model,” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 24, no. 3 (2004): 251‐64.
333
Guy Yocom, “My Shot: Sam Snead,” Golf Digest, August 12, 2010, www. golfdigest. com/magazine/myshot_gd0204? currentPage=1.
334
Tânia Lisboa, Alexander P. Demos, and Roger Chaffin, “Training Thought and Action for Virtuoso Performance,” Musicae Scientiae 22, no. 4 (2018): 527.
335
CBSNews. com staff, “Revisiting the Violinist: Itzhak Perlman, Virtuoso, Now Conductor, Too,” 60 Minutes, January 17, 2000, www. cbsnews. com/news/revisiting-the-violinist/#1995.
336
Ira Berkow, “A Musician Connects with Baseball,” New York Times, October 14, 1981, www. nytimes. com/1981/10/14/sports/a-musician-connects-with-baseball. html.
337
J. Sutton, D. McIlwain, W. Christensen, and A. Geeves, “Applying Intelligence to the Reflexes: Embodied Skills and Habits between Dreyfus and Descartes,” Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 42 (2011): 96. See also Andrew Geeves, Doris J. F. McIlwain, John Sutton, and Wayne Christensen, “To Think or Not to Think: The Apparent Paradox of Expert Skill in Music Performance,” Educational Philosophy and Theory 46, no. 6 (2014): 674‐91. Одним из фактов, который делает это исследование особенно привлекательным для музыкантов, является то, что они изучали музыкантов, и один из их участников (Дживс) является тренером по музыкальному исполнительству в Австралийской опере (“Andrew Geeves,” Academia, 2019, https://mq. academia. edu/AndrewGeeves).
338
See John Toner, Barbara Gail Montero, and Aidan Moran, “Considering the Role of Cognitive Control in Expert Performance,” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 2015): 1127‐44.
339
See K. Anders Ericsson, “The Influence of Experience and Deliberate Practice on the Development of Superior Expert Performance,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, ed. K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich, and R. R. Hoffman, 685‐706 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
340
John Toner and Aidan Moran, “Enhancing Performance Proficiency at the Expert Level: Considering the Role of ‘Somaesthetic Awareness,’” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 16, no. 1 (January 2015): 115.
341
Sutton, McIlwain, Christensen, and Geeves, “Applying Intelligence,” 93.
342
Ibid., 95.
343
Для превосходного описания этой сложной темы см. Monica Cowart, “Embodied Cognition,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, www. iep. utm. edu/embodcog/#H2.
344
Michael Howe, Jane Davidson, and John Sloboda, “Innate Talents: Reality or Myth?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 3 (1998): 399.
345
Ibid., 437.
346
Ibid., 407 (emphasis mine).
347
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, in Howe, Davidson, and Sloboda, “Innate Talents,” 411.
348
Robert J. Sternberg in Howe, Davidson, and Sloboda, “Innate Talents,” 425.
349
Ibid., 425.
350
Howe, Davidson, and Sloboda, “Innate Talents,” 407.
351
Ibid., 414.
352
Ibid., 416‐17.
353
K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch-Römer, “The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance,” Psychological Review 100, no. 3 (1993): 363‐406.
354
K. AndersEricsson, ed., TheRoadtoExcellence: TheAcquisitionof Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences, Sports, and Games (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996), 10‐11.
355
Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), 41.
356
K. Anders Ericsson and Robert Pool, Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016), 109.
357
Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons, The Invisible Gorilla, 2010, www. theinvisiblegorilla. com/videos. html.
358
See Arien Mack and Irvin Rock, Inattentional Blindness (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998).
359
Richard Schmidt and Timothy Lee, Motor Learning and Performance: From Principles to Application, 5th ed. (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005), 229.
360
Ericsson and Pool, Peak, 98.
361
Ibid., 79‐80.
362
Tânia Lisboa, Alexander P. Demos, and Roger Chaffin, “Training Thought and Action for Virtuoso Performance,” Musicae Scientiae 22, no. 4 (2018): 535.
363
Quoted in Michelle Kung, “From Dracula to Nixon,” Wall Street Journal, November 28, 2008, www. wsj. com/articles/SB122780196170361765.
364
Julie Miller, “Anne Hathaway Remembers Meryl Streep Icing Her Out on The Devil Wears Prada Set,” Vanity Fair, November 3, 2014, www. vanityfair. com/hollywood/2014/11/anne-hathaway-meryl-streep-the-devil-wears-prada.
365
ArtisanNewsService, “Frank Langella Is Richard Nixon in Frost Nixon,” November 25, 2008, www. youtube. com/watch?v=nSzkUSsUscA.
366
A. L. Duckworth, C. Peterson, M. D. Matthews, and D. R. Kelly, “Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92, no. 6 (2007).
367
See Character. org, “Who We Are,” www. character. org/who-we-are/.
368
David Denby, “The Limits of ‘Grit’,” New Yorker Magazine, June 21, 2016.
369
Alfie Kohn, “The Downside of ‘Grit,’” Washington Post, April 6, 2014.
370
Marcus Credé, Michael C. Tynan, and Peter D. Harms, “Much Ado about Grit: A Meta-analytic Synthesis of the Grit Literature,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 113, no. 3 (2017): 492‐511.
371
Kimberly G. Noble et al., “Family Income, Parental Education and Brain Structure in Children and Adolescents,” Nature Neuroscience 18, no. 5 (2015): 773‐78.
372
Jeffrey R. Young, “Angela Duckworth Says Grit Is Not Enough: She’s Building Tools to Boost Student Character,” EdSurge, April 20, 2018, www. edsurge. com/news/2018‐04–20‐angela-duckworth-says-grit-is-not-enough-she-s-building-tools-to-boost-student-character.
373
Ibid.
374
Michael Rosen and Helen Oxenbury, We’re Going on a Bear Hunt (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 1989).
375
Young, “Angela Duckworth Says.”
376
Douglas K. Detterman, “Introduction,” in “Acquiring Expertise: Ability, Practice, and Other Influences,” Intelligence 45 (July – August 2014): 1.
377
David Z. Hambrick, Frederick L. Oswald, Erik M. Altmann, Elizabeth J. Meinz, Fernand Gobet, and Guillermo Campitelli, “Deliberate Practice: Is That All It Takes to Become an Expert?” Intelligence 45 (July – August 2014): 41.
378
U. S. Department of Health & Human Services, “Is Intelligence Determined by Genetics?” October 15, 2019, https://ghr. nlm. nih. gov/primer/traits/intelligence.
379
David Z. Hambrick, Fredrik Ullén, and Miriam Mosing, “Is Innate Talent a Myth?” Scientific American, September 20, 2016 (выделениемое).
380
Benjamin Bloom, ed., Developing Talent in Young People (NewYork: Ballantine Books, 1985), 3.
381
Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Römer, “Role of Deliberate Practice,” 369.
382
Bloom, Developing Talent, 3.
383
John Sloboda, “Acquisition of Musical Performance Expertise,” in The Road to Excellence: The Acquisition of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences, Sports, and Games, ed. K. Anders Ericsson (New York: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996), 109‐10.
384
Ibid.
385
Jane Davidson, Michael J. A. Howe, Derek G. Moore, and John A. Sloboda, “The Role of Parental Influences in the Development of Musical Performance,” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 14, no. 4 (1996), 399‐412. See also John Sloboda, Exploring the Musical Mind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005): 276‐79.
386
Родитель-вертолет – это родитель, который очень внимательно относится к переживаниям и проблемам ребенка или детей, особенно в учебных заведениях. Родители-вертолеты названы так потому, что, как и вертолеты, они «парят над головой», наблюдая за каждым аспектом жизни своего ребенка. – Прим. пер.
387
See K. Anders Ericsson, Neil Charness, Paul J. Feltovich, and Robert R. Hoffman, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 693; and Robert Lipsyte and Lois B. Morris, “Teenagers Playing Music, Not Tennis,” New York Times, June 27, 2002, https://archive. nytimes. com/www. nytimes. com/learning/ students/pop/20020628snapfriday. html.
388
Sam Whalen, “Sustaining ‘The Rage to Master’: A Conversation with Ellen Winner,” Journal of Secondary Gifted Education 11, no. 3 (2000): 109‐14.
389
Françoys Gagné, “Building Gifts into Talents: Brief Overview of the DMGT 2.0,” 2012, http://gagnefrancoys. wixsite. com/dmgt-mddt/dmgtenglish.
390
Howe, Davidson, and Sloboda, “Innate Talents.”
391
Quoted in K. Robert Schwarz, “Glissando,” New York Times, March 24, 1991, www. nytimes. com/1991/03/24/magazine/glissando. html.
392
Ibid.
393
Amy Chua, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother (New York: Penguin Press, 2011).
394
Amy Chua, “Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior,” Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2011, www. wsj. com/articles/ SB10001424052748704111504576059713528698754.
395
Chua, Battle Hymn, 3.
396
Chua, “Chinese Mothers.”
397
Colin Eatock, “Musicians Debate the Merit of Tiger Mother’s Parenting Methods,” Houston Chronicle, February 13, 2011, www. chron. com/life/article/ Musicians-debate-the-merit-of-Tiger-Mother-s-1691798. php.
398
Chua, Battle Hymn, 29.
399
Ibid.
400
Sheryl Sandberg, “Amy Chua: Tough-Love Mother,” Time, April 21, 2011, www. time. com/time/specials/packages/article/ 0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066449,00. html.
401
Chua, Battle Hymn, 62.
402
Caitlin Flanagan, “The Ivy Delusion: The Real Reason the Good Mothers Are So Rattled by Amy Chua,” Atlantic, April 2011, www. theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2011/04/the-ivy-delusion/8397/.
403
Lauren Beckham Falcone, “Tiger Balm: Ivy League Coup for Chua’s Cub,” Boston Herald, April 2, 2011, www. bostonherald. com/news/columnists/ view. bg?articleid=1327779.
404
Ericsson et al., Cambridge Handbook of Expertise, 695.
405
David Muir and Jo Ling Kent, “No Vacation When You’re Michael Phelps’s Mom,” ABC, August 11, 2008, http://abcnews. go. com/International/ China/story?id=5556243.
406
Chua, Battle Hymn, 124.
407
Ibid., 138.
408
Ericsson et al., Cambridge Handbook of Expertise, 694.
409
Chua, Battle Hymn, 29.
410
Ibid.
411
Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (New York: Ballantine Books, 2006).
412
Po Bronson, “How Not to Talk to Your Kids: The Inverse Power of Praise,” New York Magazine, February 11, 2007, http://nymag. com/print/?/ news/features/27840/.
413
Doree Lewak, “I Was Raised by Tiger Mom – And It Worked,” New York Post, March 28, 2018, https://nypost. com/2018/03/28/i-was-raised-by-tiger-mom-and-it-worked/.
414
Ericsson and Poole, Peak, 192.
415
Chua, Battle Hymn, 62.
416
California State Department of Education, “Toward a State of Self-Esteem: The Final Report of the California Task Force to Promote Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility,” January 1990, https://eric. ed. gov/?id=ED321170.
417
Roy F. Baumeister, Jennifer D. Campbell, Joachim I. Krueger, and Kathleen D. Vohs, “Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4, no. 1 (May 2003): 1.
418
Roy F. Baumeister, Laura Smart, and Joseph M. Boden, “Relation of Threatened Egotism to Violence and Aggression: The Dark Side of High Self-Esteem,” Psychological Review 103, no. 1 (January 1996): 5‐33; and Brad J. Bushman and Roy F. Baumeister, “Threatened Egotism, Narcissism, Self-Esteem and Direct and Displaced Aggression: Does Self-Love or Self-Hate Lead to Violence?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, no. 1 (July 1998): 219‐29.
419
Judith Rich Harris, The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do (New York: Free Press, 2011).
420
Sharon Begley, “The Parent Trap,” Washington Post, 1998, www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/newsweek/parent090798a. htm.
421
Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (New York: Viking, 2002).
422
Gary Marcus, The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 7.
423
Y. Niiya, A. T. Brook, and J. Crocker, “Contingent Self-Worth and Self-Handicapping: Do Contingent Incremental Theorists Protect Self-Esteem?” Self and Identity 9 (2010): 276‐97.
424
Quoted in David Glenn, “Carol Dweck’s Attitude,” Chronicle of Higher Education Review, May 9, 2010, http://chronicle. com/article/Carol-Dwecks-Attitude/65405/.
425
David Z. Hambrick and Elizabeth J. Meinz, “Sorry, Strivers: Talent Matters,” New York Times, November 19, 2011, www. nytimes. com/2011/11/ 20/opinion/sunday/sorry-strivers-talent-matters. html.
426
Jackie MacMullan, “Preparation Is Key to Ray Allen’s 3s,” ESPN, February 11, 2011, www. espn. com/boston/nba/columns/story?columnist =macmullan_jackie&id=6106450.
427
Robert K. Merton, “The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property,” Isis 79, no. 4 (December 1988): 606‐23, https://doi. org/10.1086/354848.
428
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Greg J. Duncan, “The Effects of Poverty on Children: The Future of Children,” Children and Poverty 7, no. 2 (Summer/ Fall 1997): 55‐71.
429
Bloom, Developing Talent, 5.
430
Jennifer Weiner, “I’ll Never Be Rachmaninoff,” New York Times, December 29, 2018, www. nytimes. com/2018/12/29/opinion/sunday/piano-lessons-mind-focus. html.
431
Ibid.
432
Gary Marcus, Guitar Zero (New York: Penguin, 2012), 102‐3.
433
Ibid.
434
Dianna Kenny, The Psychology of Music Performance Anxiety (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 85‐107.
435
Ibid., 87.
436
Ibid., 12.
437
Open Science Collaboration, “Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science,” Science 349, no. 6251 (2015): aac4716.
438
Kenny, Psychology, 86‐87.
439
Dianna Kenny, “Identifying Cut-Off Scores for Clinical Purposes for the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) in a Population of Professional Orchestral Musicians in Australia,” Polish Psychological Bulletin (2015): 3.
440
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM‐V (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013),
441
Kenny, Psychology, 60.
442
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, section 300.23 (F40.10).
443
Kenny, Psychology, 61.
444
Ibid., 91‐93.
445
Ibid., 91.
446
Robert Sapolsky, Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994), 20‐23.
447
Ibid., 30‐32. Сапольски отмечает, что термины «норадреналин» и «адреналин» (с которыми, возможно, знакомы многие американцы) на самом деле являются британскими терминами для обозначения эпинефрина и норадреналиновой кислоты (22).
448
Ibid., 48.
449
Tânia Lisboa, Alexander P. Demos, and Roger Chaffin, “Training Thought and Action for Virtuoso Performance,” Musicae Scientiae 22, no. 4 (2018): 519‐38.
450
Kenny, Psychology, 9.
451
Stephen M. Weiss and Arthur S. Reber, “Curing the Dreaded “Steve Blass Disease,” Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 3, no. 3 (2012): 171‐81.
452
M. S. DeCaro, R. D. Thomas, N. B. Albert, and S. L. Beilock, “Choking under Pressure: Multiple Routes to Skill Failure,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 140, no. 3 (2011): 390‐406, http://dx. doi. org/10.1037/a0023466.
453
R. S. W. Masters, “Theoretical Aspects of Implicit Learning in Sport,” International Journal of Sport Psychology 31 (2000): 530‐41.
454
Peter Gröpel and Christopher Mesagno, “Choking Interventions in Sports: A Systematic Review,” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 22 (2017), doi:10.1080/1750984X. 2017.1408134.
455
Arthur Koestler, The Act of Creation (New York: Macmillan, 1964), 176.
456
Ibid., 173.
457
Barbara Gail Montero, “Is Monitoring One’s Actions Causally Relevant to Choking under Pressure?” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 14, no. 2 (2015): 393.
458
Daniel M. Wegner, “How to Think, Say, or Do Precisely the Worst Thing for Any Occasion,” Science Magazine 325, no. 5936 (2009): 48‐50.
459
Daniel M. Wegner and David J. Schneider, “The White Bear Story,” Psychological Inquiry 14, nos. 3‐4 (2003): 326‐29, doi:10.1207/ s15327965pli1403&4_24.
460
Daniel M. Wegner, “Ironic Processes of Mental Control,” Psychological Review 101, no. 1 (1994): 34‐52.
461
«Сломать ногу» – типичная английская идиома, используемая в контексте театра или других исполнительских видов искусства, чтобы пожелать исполнителю «удачи». – Прим. пер.
462
See, for example, Hearts Need Art, www. heartsneedart. org/.
463
От Дона Грина, презентация о тревожности при исполнении, Музыкальная школа Торнтона при университете Калифорнии, февраль 2016 года. See also Don Greene and Melinda Marshall, Fight Your Fear and Win: Seven Skills for Performing Your Best under Pressure (New York: Broadway Books, 2001).
464
Kenny, Psychology, 167.
465
See Dianna Kenny, “Systematic Review of Treatments for Music Performance Anxiety,” Anxiety Stress & Coping 18, no. 3 (2005): 183‐208; Kenny, Psychology, 167‐231; and Ariadna Ortiz Brugués, Music Performance Anxiety: A Comprehensive Update of the Literature (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars, 2019).
466
See Kenny, Psychology, 181.
467
Ariadna Ortiz Brugués, “Music Performance Anxiety – Part 2: A Review of Treatment Options,” Medical Problems of Performing Artists 26, no. 3 (2011): 164‐71.
468
Ibid., 168.
469
Elizabeth R. Valentine, David F. P. Fitzgerald, Tessa L. Gorton, Jennifer A. Hudson, and Elizabeth R. C. Symonds, “The Effect of Lessons in the Alexander Technique on Music Performance in High and Low Stress Situations,” Psychology of Music 23, no. 2 (1995): 129.
470
American Society for the Alexander Technique, “The Alexander Technique,” 2019, www. amsatonline. org/aws/AMSAT/pt/sp/what_is.
471
Marisa De Silva, “How Alexander Technique May Mitigate Music Performance Anxiety,” unpublished research paper, December 2018, www. marisadesilva. com.
472
Valentine et al., “Effect of Lessons,” 129.
473
Kenny, Psychology, 198.
474
Valentine et al., “Effect of Lessons,” 138.
475
Ibid., 129.
476
Ibid., 139.
477
De Silva, “How Alexander Technique May Mitigate.”
478
Valentine et al., “Effect of Lessons,” 138.
479
Janna Delgado, “Meditation in Motion,” Kripalu, 2019, https://kripalu. org/resources/meditation-motion.
480
Sat Bir S. Khalsa and Stephen Cope, “Effects of a Yoga Lifestyle Intervention on Performance-Related Characteristics of Musicians: A Preliminary Study,” Medical Science Monitor 12, no. 8 (2006): CR325–31; Sat Bir S. Khalsa, Stephanie M. Shorter, Stephen Cope, Grace Wyshak, and Elyse Sklar, “Yoga Ameliorates Performance Anxiety and Mood Disturbance in Young Professional Musicians,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 34, no. 4 (2009): 279; Judith R. S. Stern, Sat Bir S. Khalsa, and Stefan G. Hofmann, “A Yoga Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Conservatory Students,” Medical Problems of Performing Artists 27, no. 3 (2012): 123; and S. B. Khalsa, Bethany Butzer, Stephanie M. Shorter, Kristen M. Reinhardt, and Stephen Cope, “Yoga Reduces Performance Anxiety in Adolescent Musicians,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 19, no. 2 (2013): 34‐45.
481
Khalsa and Cope, “Effects of a Yoga Lifestyle,” CR329.
482
Ibid., CR328.
483
Khalsa et al., “Yoga Ameliorates Performance Anxiety and Mood,” 286.
484
Stern, Khalsa, and Hofmann, “A Yoga Intervention,” 127.
485
Ibid., 127‐28.
486
Khalsa, Butzer, Shorter, Reinhardt, and Cope, “Yoga Reduces Performance Anxiety,” 36.
487
Ibid., 44.
488
Sapolsky, Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, 319.
489
Ibid., 413.
490
Vanessa J. Meyer, Yoojin Lee, Christian Böttger, Uwe Leonbacher, Amber L. Allison, and Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff, “Experience, Cortisol Reactivity, and the Coordination of Emotional Responses to Skydiving,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9, art. 138 (2015): 1‐8.
491
Ibid., 5.
492
Ibid., 5‐6.
493
Ibid., 6.
494
Maria Konnikova, “How People Learn to Become Resilient,” New Yorker, February 11, 2016.
495
Golnaz Tabibnia and Dan Radecki, “Resilience Training That Can Change the Brain,” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 70, no. 1 (2018): 77‐78.
496
Dana R. Carney, Amy J. C. Cuddy, and Andy J. Yap, “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,” Psychological Science 21, no. 10 (2010): 1363‐68.
497
Susan Dominus, “When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy,” New York Times, October 18, 2017, www. nytimes. com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy. html. See also Daniel Engber, “The Trials of Amy Cuddy: A Feminist Psychologist Was Dragged through the Mud for Her Mistakes, Did She Deserve It?” Slate, October 19, 2017, https://slate. com/technology/2017/10/did-power-posing-guru-amy-cuddy-deserve-her-public-shaming. html.
498
A. J. Cuddy, S. J. Schultz, and N. E. Fosse, “P-Curving a More Comprehensive Body of Research on Postural Feedback Reveals Clear Evidential Value for Power-Posing Effects: Reply to Simmons and Simonsohn (2017),” Psychological Science 29, no. 4 (2018): 656‐66.
499
See Timothy D. Wilson, “Stop Bullying the ‘Soft’ Sciences,” Los Angeles Times, July 12, 2012, www. latimes. com/opinion/la-xpm-2012‐jul-12‐la-oe-wilson-social-sciences-20120712‐story. html.
500
David Biello, “Inside the Debate about Power Posing: A Q & A with Amy Cuddy,” Ted. Com, February 22, 2017, https://ideas. ted. com/inside-the-debate-about-power-posing-a-q-a-with-amy-cuddy/.
501
Joanne C. Chang, Elizabeth Midlarsky, and Peter Lin, “Effects of Meditation on Musical Performance Anxiety,” Medical Problems of Performing Artists 18, no. 3 (2003): 126‐30.
502
Daniel F. Gucciardi and James A. Dimmock, “Choking under Pressure in Sensorimotor Skills: Conscious Processing or Depleted Attentional Resources?” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9, no. 1 (2008): 45‐59.
503
Wegner, “How to Think,” 50.
504
Kenny, Psychology, 61.
505
Thornton Musicians’ Wellness Committee, “Overcoming Performance Anxiety,” University of Southern California Thornton School of Music, March 30, 2016.
506
Ibid.
507
Ibid.
508
Peter Erskine, No Beethoven: An Autobiography & Chronicle of Weather Report (Fuzzy Music, 2013), 36‐37.
509
Barbara Conable and William Conable, How to Learn the Alexander Technique: A Manual for Students (Portland, OR: Andover Press, 1995), 115.
510
Thornton Musicians’ Wellness Committee, “Overcoming Performance Anxiety.”
511
Rod Gilfrey, личноеэлектронноеписьмо.
512
Ibid.
513
Ibid.
514
Ibid.
515
Katie Couric, “Capt. Sully Worried about Airline Industry,” CBS, February 10, 2009, www. cbsnews. com/news/capt-sully-worried-about-airline-in-dustry/.
516
Alex Altman, “Chesley B. Sullenberger III,” Time, January 16, 2009, www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1872247,00. html.
517
Dean B. McFarlin, Roy F. Baumeister, and Jim Blascovich, “On Knowing When to Quit: Task Failure, Self-Esteem, Advice, and Nonproductive Persistence,” Journal of Personality 52, no. 2 (1984): 138‐55.
518
Adam Grant and Barry Schwartz, “Too Much of a Good Thing: The Challenge and Opportunity of the Inverted U,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 1 (2011): 62 (emphasis mine).
519
Ibid., 63.
520
Gregory E. Miller and Carsten Wrosch, “You’ve Gotta Know When to Fold ’Em: Goal Disengagement and Systemic Inflammation in Adolescence,” Psychological Science 18, no. 9 (2007): 776.
521
Ibid., 773.
522
Ibid., 774.
523
Bernard Marr, “How Much Data Do We Create Every Day? The Mind-Blowing Stats Everyone Should Read,” Forbes, May 21, 2018, www. forbes. com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/05/21/how-much-data-do-we-create-every-day-the-mind-blowing-stats-everyone-should-read/#3c1e50060ba9.
524
Lori Lewis, “2019: This Is What Happens in an Internet Minute,” All Access Music Group, March 5, 2019, www. allaccess. com/merge/archive/29580/2019‐this-is-what-happens-in-an-Internet-minute.
525
Nicholas Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 7.
526
The source for these terms is Marc Prensky, “Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants: Part 1,” On the Horizon 9, no. 5 (2001): 1‐6.
527
Sherry Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011), 294.
528
Sherry Turkle, “Interview: Sherry Turkle,” PBS, September 22, 2009, www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/interviews/turkle. html#4.
529
The Pulitzer Prizes, “Matt Richtel and Members of the Staff of the New York Times,” 2019, www. pulitzer. org/winners/matt-richtel-and-members-staff.
530
NPR, “Digital Overload: Your Brain on Gadgets,” August 24, 2010, www. npr. org/templates/transcript/transcript. php?storyId=129384107.
531
Matt Richtel, “In Study, Texting Lifts Crash Risk by Large Margin,” New York Times, July 27, 2009.
532
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, “Distracted Walking,” December 2015, https://orthoinfo. aaos. org/en/staying-healthy/distracted-walking/.
533
Douglas Rushkoff and Rachel Dretzin, “Digital Nation,” PBS, 2010, www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/etc/script. html.
534
Gary Small and Gigi Vorgan, iBrain: Surviving the Technological Alteration of the Modern Mind (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 15.
535
Ibid., 17.
536
Victoria J. Rideout, Ulla G. Foehr, and Donald F. Roberts, “Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8- to 18‐Year-Olds,” January 20, 2010, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, www. kff. org/other/report/generation-m2‐media-in-the-lives-of-8‐to-18‐year-olds/.
537
Common Sense Media, “Landmark Report: U. S. Teens Use an Average of Nine Hours of Media Per Day, Tweens Use Six Hours,” November 3, 2015, www. commonsensemedia. org/about-us/news/press-releases/landmark-report-us-teens-use-an-average-of-nine-hours-of-media-per-day.
538
Gary Greenberg, “My Monster, My Self: On Nicholas Carr and William Powers,” Nation, March 16, 2011, www. thenation. com/print/article/159279/my-monster-my-self.
539
Clifford Nass, “Interview: Clifford Nass,” PBS, December 1, 2009, www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/interviews/nass. html.
540
Ibid.
541
Ibid.
542
Rushkoff and Dretzin, “Digital Nation.”
543
Nass, “Interview.”
544
Ibid.
545
American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Multi-tasking Adversely Affects Brain’s Learning, UCLA Psychologists Report,” EurekAlert! July 26, 2006, www. eurekalert. org/pub_releases/2006‐07/uoc-maa072506. php.
546
Gary Marcus, The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 99.
547
Victor M. González and Gloria Mark, “Constant, Constant, Multi-Tasking Craziness: Managing Multiple Working Spheres,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 113‐20 (ACM Digital Library, 2004); and Gloria Mark, Victor M. Gonzalez, and Justin Harris, “No Task Left Behind? Examining the Nature of Fragmented Work,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 321‐30 (New York: ACM Digital Library, 2005).
548
Ibid. See also Clive Thompson, “Meet the Life Hackers,” New York Times, October 16, 2005, www. nytimes. com/2005/10/16/magazine/meet-the-life-hackers. html.
549
American Psychological Association, “Multitasking: Switching Costs,” March 20, 2006, www. apa. org/research/action/multitask.
550
Henry H. Wilmer, Lauren E. Sherman, and Jason M. Chein, “Smartphones and Cognition: A Review of Research Exploring the Links between Mobile Technology Habits and Cognitive Functioning,” Frontiers in Psychology 8, art. 605 (April 2017): 4.
551
Gloria Mark, Daniela Gudith, and Ulrich Klocke, “The Cost of Interrupted Work: More Speed and Stress,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 107‐10 (New York: ACM Digital Library, 2008).
552
Robert M. Sapolsky, Stress, the Aging Brain, and the Mechanisms of Neuron Death (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).
553
UCI News, “Jettisoning Work Email Reduces Stress,” May 3, 2012, https://news. uci. edu/2012/05/03/jettisoning-work-email-reduces-stress/.
554
Thompson, “Meet the Life Hackers.”
555
Carr, Shallows, 5‐6.
556
Ibid., 16.
557
Ibid., 6.
558
Ratey, quoted in Matt Richtel, “Drivers and Legislators Dismiss Cellphone Risks,” New York Times, July 18, 2009, www. nytimes. com/2009/07/19/ technology/19distracted. html; and Hallowell, quoted in Alina Tugend “Multitasking Can Make You Lose… um… Focus,” New York Times, October 24, 2008, www. nytimes. com/2008/10/25/business/yourmoney/25shortcuts. html.
559
Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 51.
560
Ibid., 54.
561
Ibid.
562
Vaughan Bell, “The Unsexy Truth about Dopamine,” Guardian, February 2, 2013, www. theguardian. com/science/2013/feb/03/dopamine-the-unsexy-truth.
563
Ibid.
564
Kent C. Berridge and Terry E. Robinson, “Liking, Wanting and the Incentive-Sensitization Theory of Addiction,” American Psychologist 71, no. 8 (November 2016): 670‐79, doi:10.1037/amp0000059.
565
Franziska Green, “Pleasing Your Brain: An Interview with Dr. Kent Berridge,” Brain World, December 28, 2018; https://brainworldmagazine. com/pleasing-your-brain-an-interview-with-dr-kent-berridge/.
566
Gary Small, interview on PBS Frontline’s “Digital Nation,” https:// www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/etc/script. html.
567
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM‐V (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013).
568
Ronald Pies, “Should DSM‐V Designate “Internet Addiction” a Mental Disorder?” Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (2009): 31.
569
American Psychiatric Association, DSM‐V.
570
See Allen Frances, “A Warning Sign on the Road to DSM‐V: Beware of Its Unintended Consequences,” Psychiatric Times 26, no. 8 (2009); and Christopher Lane, “Bitterness, Compulsive Shopping, and Internet Addiction: The Diagnostic Madness of DSM‐V,” Slate, July 24, 2009, https://slate. com/technology/2009/07/the-diagnostic-madness-of-dsm-v. html.
571
World Health Organization, “Gaming Disorder,” September 2018, www. who. int/features/qa/gaming-disorder/en/.
572
Quoted in David Wallis, “Just Click No,” New Yorker, January 13, 1997, 28.
573
Kimberly S. Young, “Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder,” paper presented at the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 11, 1996, Toronto, Canada.
574
CBS News, “Hospital First in US to Treat Internet Addiction,” September 4, 2013, https://abcnews. go. com/Health/hospital-opens-Internet-addiction-treatment-program/story?id=20146923.
575
Konstantinos Ioannidis, Roxanne Hook, Anna E. Goudriaan, Simon Vlies, Naomi A. Fineberg, Jon E. Grant, and Samuel R. Chamberlain, “Cognitive Deficits in Problematic Internet Use: Meta-Analysis of 40 Studies,” British Journal of Psychiatry (2019): 1‐8, www. cambridge. org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/cognitive-deficits-in-problematic-internet-use-metaanalysis-of-40‐studies/486B3C4B1C7B6045161045BCB48D6D82.
576
Ibid., 7.
577
Quo vadis, Domine? (в переводе с латинского – «Куда ты идёшь, Господи?») – фраза, сказанная, по преданию, апостолом Петром Иисусу Христу. – Прим. пер.
578
P. K. Dalal and Debasish Basu, “Twenty Years of Internet Addiction… Quo Vadis?” Indian Journal of Psychiatry 58, no. 1 (2016): 6.
579
Ioannidis et al., “Cognitive Deficits,” 2.
580
Mark Bauerlein, PBS, June 9, 2009, www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ digitalnation/extras/interviews/bauerlein. html.
581
See Kit Smith, “53 Incredible Facebook Statistics and Facts,” Brandwatch, June 1 2019, www. brandwatch. com/blog/facebook-statistics/.
582
See Dan Noyes, “The Top 20 Valuable Facebook Statistics,” Zephoria, September 2019, https://zephoria. com/top-15‐valuable-facebook-statistics/.
583
Gabriel Dance, Michael Laforgia, and Nicholas Confessore, “As Facebook Raised a Privacy Wall, It Carved an Opening for Tech Giants,” New York Times, December 18, 2018, www. nytimes. com/2018/12/18/technology/face-book-privacy. html.
584
Olivia Solon and Cyrus Farivar, “Mark Zuckerberg Leveraged Facebook User Data to Fight Rivals and Help Friends, Leaked Documents Show,” NBC News, April 16, 2019, www. nbcnews. com/tech/social-media/mark-zuckerberg-leveraged-facebook-user-data-fight-rivals-help-friends-n994706.
585
See Ben Lovejoy, “Global Smartphone Revenue Continues to Rise, Despite Falling Sales,” 9to5Mac, February 25, 2019, https://9to5mac. com/2019/ 02/25/global-smartphone-revenue/.
586
See Pew Research Center, “Mobile Fact Sheet,” June 12, 2019, www. pewinternet. org/fact-sheet/mobile/.
587
See Entertainment Software Association, “2019 Essential Facts about the Computer and Video Game Industry,” 2019, www. theesa. com/esa-research/2019‐essential-facts-about-the-computer-and-video-game-industry/; and the NPD Group, “NPD Group: Total Industry Consumer Spending on Video Games in U. S. Increases 40 Percent to $ 19.5 Billion for First Half 2018,” August 29, 2018, www. npd. com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/2018/npd-group-total-industry-consumer-spending-on-video-games-in-us-increases-40‐percent-to-19‐5‐billion-for-first-half-2018/.
588
Turkle,“Interview.”
589
Arielle Pardes, “Google and the Rise of ‘Digital Well-Being,’” Wired, May 9, 2018, www. wired. com/story/google-and-the-rise-of-digital-wellbeing/.
590
Center for Humane Technology, “About Us,” 2019, https://humanetech. com/about-us/#primary.
591
Cory Doctorow, “Writing in the Age of Distraction,” Locus, January 7, 2009, www. locusmag. com/Features/2009/01/cory-doctorow-writing-in-age-of. html.
592
David Greenfield, “Tips for Electronic Etiquette and Mindful Technology Use,” The Center for Internet and Technology Addiction, 2017, https:// virtual-addiction. com/tips-electronic-etiquette-mindful-technology-use/.
593
Jonah Engel Bromwich, “A Manifesto for Opting Out of an Internet-Dominated World,” New York Times, April 30, 2019, www. nytimes. com/2019/04/30/books/review/jenny-odell-how-to-do-nothing. html.
594
Quoted in Thompson, “Meet the Life Hackers.”
595
Peter Gay, The Naked Heart: The Bourgeois Experience, Victoria to Freud (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 14.
596
See William Weber, “Did People Listen in the 18th Century?” Early Music 25, no. 4 (1997): 678‐91.
597
Gay, Naked Heart, 18.
598
Stephanie Clifford, “Texting at a Symphony? Yes, But Only to Select an Encore,” New York Times, May 15, 2009, www.nytimes. com/2009/05/16/arts/music/16text. html.
599
Beenish Ahmed, “‘Tweet Seats’ Come to Theaters, but Can Patrons Plug In without Tuning Out?” NPR, December 12, 2011, www.npr. org/2011/12/12/143576328/tweet-seats-come-to-theaters-but-can-patrons-plug-in-without-tuning-out.
600
Steve Martin, “The Art of Interruption,” New York Times, December 2, 2010, www. nytimes. com/2010/12/05/opinion/05martin. html?_r=2& ref=opinion.
601
Sammy Perlmutter, “Steve Martin at the 92 St. Y: Book Talk Leads to Ticket Refunds!” Huffington Post, December 5, 2010, www. huffingtonpost. com/2010/12/05/steve-martin-at-the-92-st_n_791667. html.
602
Mary Elizabeth Williams, “92nd Street Y Goes ‘American Idol’ on Steve Martin,” Salon, December 2, 2010, www. salon. com/2010/12/02/ steve_martin_92y_fiasco/print.
603
Martin Schneider, “More on Martin and Solomon and 92Y,” Emdashes, December 2, 2010, https://emdashes.com/2010/12/more-on-martin-and-solomon-and. php.
604
Yondr, www.overyondr.com/.
605
NPR, “Lock Screen: At These Music Shows, Phones Go in a Pouch and Don’t Come Out,” July 5, 2016, www. npr. org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/07/05/483110284/lock-screen-at-these-music-shows-phones-go-in-a-pouch-and-dont-come-out.
606
Eric Piepenburg, “Hold the Phone, It’s Patti LuPone,” New York Times, July 9, 2015, www. nytimes. com/2015/07/10/theater/hold-the-phone-its-patti-lupone. html?module=inline.
607
Robert Viagas, “Patti LuPone ‘Putting Battle Gear On,’ Questions Stage Career after Cell Phone Incident,” Playbill, July 9, 2015, www. playbill. com/article/patti-lupone-putting-battle-gear-on-questions-stage-career-after-cellphone-incident-com-352959. Дляюмористическоговзгляданаэтотинцидентсм. Therandyshow, “LuPWNed! (The Patti LuPone Audience Freakout Remix),” YouTube, January 21, 2009, www. youtube. com/watch?v=F5Wh6DAFpW4.
608
Maggie Jackson, blog, “We’re All Distracted” (June 19, 2008), http:// maggie_jackson. com/2008/06/19/were_all_distracted/.
609
Matt Richtel, “A Force for Face-to-Face Communication,” New York Times, November 4, 2013, https://bits. blogs. nytimes. com/2013/11/04/a-force-for-face-to-face-communication/.
610
Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1994), 130.
611
Steven Mithen, The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2005), ix.
612
Antonio Damasio, “A Conversation with Antonio Damasio and Siri Hustvedt,” Big Think, September 21, 2010, https://bigthink. com/videos/a-conversation-with-antonio-damasio-and-siri-hustvedt.
613
Edmund Wilson, Axel’s Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870‐1930 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931), 17.
614
Ibid., 5.
615
Tania Singer and Claus Lamm, “The Social Neuroscience of Empathy,” Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 1156, no. 1 (March 2009): 82.
616
Ibid.
617
Jamie Ward, Patricia Schnakenberg, and Michael J. Banissy, “The Relationship between Mirror-Touch Synaesthesia and Empathy: New Evidence and a New Screening Tool,” Cognitive Neuropsychology 35, nos. 5‐6 (2018): 314‐32.
618
Singer and Lamm, “Social Neuroscience of Empathy,” 88.
619
See X. Gu and S. Han, “Attention and Reality Constraints on the Neural Processes of Empathy for Pain,” Neuroimage 36, no. 1 (May 2007): 256‐67.
620
See Claus Lamm and Jasminka Majdandžić, “The Role of Shared Neural Activations, Mirror Neurons, and Morality in Empathy: A Critical Comment,” Neuroscience Research 90, no. 1 (January 2015): 15.
621
Singer and Lamm, “Social Neuroscience of Empathy,” 90.
622
Lamm and Majdandžić, “Role of Shared Neural Activations,” 20.
623
Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. O’Brien, and Courtney Hsing, “Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students over Time: A Metaanalysis,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 15, no. 2 (May 2011): 180‐98.
624
Ibid., 183.
625
Barack Obama, “Obama to Graduates: Cultivate Empathy,” June 19, 2006, www. northwestern. edu/newscenter/stories/2006/06/barack. html.
626
Lamm and Majdandžić, “Role of Shared Neural Activations,” 20.
627
Ibid., 22.
628
Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks,” Annual Review of Sociology 27, no. 1 (2001): 415‐44.
629
Jennifer Schuessler, “Martha Nussbaum Wins $ 1 Million Berggruen Prize,” New York Times, October 30, 2018, www. nytimes. com/2018/10/30/arts/martha-nussbaum-berggruen-prize. html.
630
Quoted in Rachel Aviv, “The Philosopher of Feelings,” New Yorker, July 25, 2016, www. newyorker. com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies.
631
Ibid.
632
Wilson, Axel’s Castle, 235.