Примечания
1
Поскольку опубликованных данных на эту тему нет, я рассмотрела сто самых продаваемых продуктов в среднестатистических продуктовых магазинах США, так что моя цифра основана на этой группе продуктов. Если брать за основу покупательский опыт, то реальное количество продуктов с содержанием растительных масел даже превышает 80 %. См. “List of 100 Top Selling Grocery Items 2023 & Tips,” BusinessNES, January 2, 2023, https://businessnes.com/list-of-top-selling-grocery-items-and-tips.
2
Mary Enig, Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol (Bethesda, MD: Bethesda Press, 2000), 21.
3
Непереводимый каламбур: в английском языке «plant» означает и «растение», и «фабрика». – Прим. пер.
4
P. F. Fox, T. Uniacke-Lowe, P. L. H. McSweeney, and J. A. O’Mahony, “Chemistry and Biochemistry of Fermented Milk Products,” in Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2nd ed., 547–567 (Cham: Springer, 2015), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14892-2_13.
5
Richard D. O’Brien, Lynn A. Jones, C. Clay King, Phillip J. Wakelyn, and Peter J. Wan, “Cottonseed Oil,” in Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, vol. 2, Edible Oil and Fat Products: Edible Oils, 6th ed., ed. Fereidoon Shahidi, 173–280 (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2005).
6
Gary R. List and Michael A. Jackson, “Giants of the Past: The Battle over Hydrogenation (1903–1920),” Inform 18, no. 6 (2007): 403–405, www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seq№ 115=210614.
7
Susan C. Pendleton, “Man’s Most Important Food Is Fat: The Use of Persuasive Techniques in Procter & Gamble’s Public Relations Campaign to Introduce Crisco, 1911–1913,” Public Relations Quarterly 44, no. 1 (1999): 6–14.
8
N. K. Faibrank Company, “Cottolene, ‘The New and Popular Health Food’” (advertising card), 1880 (дата сомнительна), in Hagley Digital Archives, ссылка открыта 4 сентября 2023, https://digital.hagley.org/2270394#page/2/mode/2up.
9
William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, “History of Soy Oil Shortening – Part 2,” Soy-Info Center, 2004, www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/shortening2.php.
10
William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, “History of Soy Oil Shortening – Part 1,” Soy-Info Center, 2004, www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/shortening1.php.
11
Статистических данных сразу по всей «Омерзительной восьмерке» не существует, так что я сложила ежегодные доходы производителей каждого из этих масел, подсчитанные в американских долларах: хлопковое (11 млрд), рапсовое (26 млрд), подсолнечное (18,5 млрд), соевое (47 млрд), кукурузное (5 млрд), масло из рисовых отрубей (1,3 млрд), сафлоровое (7 млрд). Для каждого из этих масел рост доходов, по подсчетам, составит от 3 до 7 %, не считая рапсового, которое останется на прежнем уровне или даже начнет слегка падать. Расчетные доходы 2027 года основаны на средней цифре роста в 5 %. Среди источников данных – следующие:
Соевое масло: “Soybean Oil Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, by Application (Cooking & Frying, Margarine & Shortening, Salad Dressings & Mayonnaise, Bakery Products, and Non-Food Applications), and Regional Forecast, 2021–2028,” Fortune Business Insights, January 2022, www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/soybean-oil-market-106282.
Подсолнечное масло: “Sunflower Oil Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, by Type (High-Oleic, Mid-Oleic, and Linoleic), End-Users (Household/Retail, Food-service/HORECA, and Industrial) and Reginal Forecast, 2021–2028,” Fortune Business Insights, January 2021, www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/sunflower-oil-market-101480.
Рапсовое масло: Industry Research, “Canola Oil Market Size-Share Estimation 2022 Analysis by Industry Statistics, Covid-19 Impact, Global Trends Evaluation, Business Prospect, Geographical Segmentation, Revenue, Business Challenges and Investment Opportunities till 2027,” Global Newswier, March 28, 2022, www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/03/28/2410651/0/en/Canola-Oil-Market-Size-Share-Estimation-2022-Analysis-By-Industry-Statistics-Covid-19-Impact-Global-Trends-Evaluation-Business-Prospect-Geographical-Segmentation-Revenue-Business-C.html.
Хлопковое масло: “Mike,” “Cotton Seed Price Index,” BusinessAnalytiq, November 29, 2022, https://businessanalytiq.com/procurementanalytics/index/cotton-seed-price-index.
Кукурузное масло: “Corn Oil Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, by Type (Edible and Non-Edible), by Application (Food & Beverage, Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics & Personal Care, Animal Feed, Industrial, and Biodiesel), and Regional Forecast, 2022–2029,” Fortune Business Insights, January 2023, www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/corn-oil-market-103810.
Масло из рисовых отрубей: PRWireCentre News, “2023 Global Rice Bran Oil Market Growth: Key Players and Forecast 2023 | Industry Research Biz,” Barchart, August 8, 2023, www.barchart.com/storynews/19169325/2023-global-rice-bran-oil-market-growth-key-players-and-forecast-2030-by-industry-research-biz#.
Сафлоровое масло: “Safflower Oil,” Tridge, ссылка открыта 4 сентября 2023, www.tridge.com/intelligences/safflower-oil.
Масло виноградной косточки: “Grape Seed Oil Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Application (Personal Care & Cosmetics, Food), by Extraction Process (Mechanically, Chemically), by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2022–2026,” Grand View Research, August 25, 2022, www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis-grape-seed-oil-market.
12
Кэндис Рассиас, Zoom-интервью с автором, 15 ноября 2022.
13
Yacoob Bayat, “What’s in Crude Vegetable Oil That Makes It Need to Be Refined So Extensively,” American Oil Chemists’ Society, December 12, 2022, www.informconnect.org/discussion/whats-in-crude-vegetable-oil-that-makes-it-need-to-be-refined-so-intensively.
14
Martin Grootveld, Victor Ruiz Rodado, and Christopher J.L. Silwood, “Detection, Monitoring, and Deleterious Health Effects of Lipid Oxidation,” Inform 25, no. 10 (2014): 614–624, www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/detection-monitoring-and-deleterious-health-effects-of-lipid-oxidation-november/december-2014.
15
J. Bruce German, “Food Processing and Lipid Oxidation,” in Impact of Processing on Food Safety: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 459, ed. Lauren S. Jackson, Mark G. Knize, and Jeffrey N. Morgan (Boston: Springer 1999), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4853-9_3; E. Choe and D. B. Min, “Chemistry of Deep-Fat Frying Oils,” Journal of Food Science 72, no. 5 (June/July 2007): R77–R86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750–3841.2007.00352.x.
16
Haruki Okuyama, Sheriff Sultan, Naoki Ohara, Tomohito Hamazaki, Peter H. Langsjoen, Rokuro Hama, Yoichi Ogushi, et al., Lipid Nutrition Guidelines: A Comprehensive Analysis (Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2021), https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03943-946-1.
17
Здесь я имею в виду форум American Oil Chemists’ Society, доступный для всех членов форума по ссылке www.informconnect.org/browse/allrecentposts.
18
Grootveld et al., “Detection, Monitoring, and Deleterious Health Effects.”
19
Martin Grootveld, Benita C. Percival, Sarah Moumtaz, Miles Gibson, Katy woodason, Azeem Akhtar, Michael Wawire, Mark Edgar, and Kelly L. Grootveld, “Commentary: Iconoclastic Reflections on the ‘Safety’ of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Culinary Frying Oils: Some Cautions Regarding the Laboratory Analysis and Dietary Ingestion of Lipid Oxidation Product Toxins,” Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 2021): 2351, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052351; Martin Grootveld, Benita C. Percival, Justine Leenders, and Philippe B. Wilson, “Pootential Adverse Public Health Effects Afforded by the Ingestion of Dietary Lipid Oxidation Product Toxins: Significance of Fried Food Sources,” Nutrients 12, no. 4 (2020): 974, https://doi.org/10.3390/nul2040974; Sarah Mountaz, Benita C. Percival, Devki Parmar, Kelly L. Grootveld, Pim Jansson, and Martin Grootveld, “Toxic Aldehyde Generation in and Food Uptake from Culinary Oils During Frying Practices: Peroxidative Resistance of a Monounsaturate-Rich Algae Oil,” Scientific Reports 9 (2019): 4125, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39767-1.
20
Martin Grootveld, “Evidence-Based Challenges to the Continued Recommendation and Use of Peroxidatively-Susceptible Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Culinary Oils for High-Temperature Frying Practices: Experimental Revelations Focused on Toxic Aldehydic Lipid Oxidation Products,” Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (2021): 711640, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.711640.
21
Pierre Lambelet, Andre Grandgirard, Stephane Gregoire, Pierre Juaneda, Jean-Louis Sebedio, and Constantin Bertoli, “Formation of Modified Fatty Acids and Oxyphytosterols During Refining of Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 15 (July 2003): 4284–4290, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0300091u.
22
Мартин Гроотфельд, Zoom-интервью с автором, 3 апреля 2021.
23
Эрик Деккер, Zoom-интервью с автором, 8 июля 2022; “Why Does Lipid Oxidation in Foods Continue to Be Such a Challenge?”, YouTube, канал AOCS American Chemists’ Society, 1 апреля 2021, www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_U_9vvpDWo.
24
“Why Does Lipid Oxidation in Foods Continue to Be Such a Challenge?”, YouTube.
25
Гроотфельд, Zoom-интервью с автором.
26
Деккер, Zoom-интервью с автором.
27
“Aldehyde Generation In Cooking Oils; Professor Martin Grootveld,” YouTube, канал Zero Acre Farms, 8 марта 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZV0nXYloh4, слайд “Estimating Human Dietary Intake of LOPs” на 40-й минуте и слайд “Aldehydes Are the Dominand Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke” на 23-й минуте. Для обоснования этих утверждений он ссылается на многочисленные публикации. См. также Moumtaz et al., “Toxic Aldehyde Generation.”
28
Nina Teicholz, The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 277.
29
Teicholz, The Big Fat Surprise, 277–278.
30
Niamh Nic Daéid, Caroline Maguire, and Ailsa Walker, “An Investigation into the Causes of Laundry Fires – Spontaneous Combustion of Residual Fatty Acids,” Problems of Forensic Sciences 46 (2001): 272–277, https://arch.ies.gov.pl/images/PDF/2001/vol_46/46_daeid4.pdf.
31
Chiung-Yu Peng, Cheng-Hang Lan, Pei-Chen, and Yu-Chun Kuo, “Effects of Cooking Method, Cooking Oil, and Food Type on Aldehyde Emissions in Cooking Oil Fumes,” Journal of Hazardous Materials 324, part B (February 2017): 160–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2016.10.045; Ying-Chin Ko, Li Shu-Chuan Cheng, Chien-Hung Lee, Jhi-Jhu Huang, Ming-Shyan Huang, Eing-Long Kao, Hwei-Zu Wang, and Hsiang-Ju Li, “Chinese Food Cooking and Lung Cancer in Women Nonsmokers,” Americal Journal of Epidemiology 151, no. 2 (January 2000): 140–147, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010181.
32
Hippocrates, “The Oath,” in Hippocratic Writings, ed. G. E. R. Lloyd, trans. J. Chadwick and W. N. Mann, Penguin Classics (New York: Penguin, 1983), and “The Sacred Disease” (там же, 240).
33
C. Simon Herrington, ed., Muir’s Textbook of Pathology, 15th ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), 2014.
34
Ned Stafford, “Denham Harman,” BMJ 350 (2015): h1092, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1902.
35
K. Kitani and G. O. Ivy, “‘I Thought, Thought, Thought for Four Months in Vain and Suddenly the Idea Came’: An Interview with Denham and Helen Harman,” Biogerontology 4 (2003): 401–412, https://doi.org/10.1023/b: bgen.0000006561.15498.68.
36
Denham Harman, “Aging: A Theory Based on Free Radical and Radiation Chemistry,” Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2002, no. 37 (2002): cp14, https://doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2002.37.cp14.
37
John M.C. Gutteridge and B. Halliwell, “Invited Review. Free Radicals in Disease Processes: A Compilation of Cause and Consequence,” Free Radical Research Communications i19, no. 3 (1993): 141–158, https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769309111598.
38
Tom O’Connor, “Dr. Denham Harman – Legendary Scientist – Dies at Age 98,” University of Nebraska Medical Center, Newsroom, November 25, 2014, www.unmc.edu/newsroom/2014/11/25/dr-denham-harman-legendary-scientist-dies-at-age-98.
39
Josh Funk, “Denham Harman, Who Developed the ‘Free-Radical Theory’ of Aging, Dies at 98,” Washington Post, November 29, 2014.
40
Margaret B. Wierman and Jeffrey S. Smith, “Yeast Sirtuins and the Regulation of Aging,” FEMS Yeast Research 14, no. 1 (2014): 73–88, https://doi.org/10.1111/1567-1364.12115.
41
Rajindar S. Sohal and Michael J. Forster, “Caloric Restriction and the Aging Process: A Critique,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 73 (August 2014): 366–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.015.
42
Etsuo Niki, “Role of Vitamin E as a Lipid-Soluble Peroxyl Radical Scavenger: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 66 (January 2014): 3–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.022.
43
M. K. Horwitt, “Vitamin E and Lipid Metabolism in Man,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 8, no. 4 (August 1960): 451–461, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/8.4.451.
44
Maret G. Traber, “Vitamin E Inadequacy in Humans: Causes and Consequences,” Advances in Nutrition 5, no. 5 (September 2014): 503–514, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006254; Daniel Raederstorff, Adrian Wyss, Philip C. Calder, Peter Weber, and Manfred Eggersdorfer, “Vitamin E Function and Requirements in Relation to PUFA,” British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 8 (2015): 1113–1122, https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451500272X; Christopher Masterjohn, “AJCN Publishes a New PUFA Study That Should Make Us Long for the Old Days,” Weston A. Price Foundation, May 17, 2012, www.westonaprice.org/ajcn-publishes-a-new-pufa-study-that-should-make-us-long-for-the-old-days.
45
Уровень окисленного витамина E не измерялся – только нормального. «Использованный» витамин E, который называется альфа-токоферолхиноном (или α-токоферолхиноном), – это «многообещающий индикатор перекисного окисления липидов». См. Desirée Bartolini, Rita Marinelli, Danilo Giusepponi, Roberta Galarini, Carolina Barola, Anna Maria Stabile, Bartolomeo Sebastiani, et al., “Alpha-Tocopherol Metabolites (The Vitamin E Metabolome) and Their Interindividual Variability During Supplementation,” Antioxidants (Basel) 10, no. 2 (February 2021): 173, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020173.
46
Из-за того, что жирные кислоты омега-3 подвержены окислению, точно проанализировать можно только кислоты омега-6, так что его данные отражают уровень самой распространенной жирной кислоты омега-6, линолевой кислоты. Мы едим не очень много кислот омега-3, так что к общему уровню ПНЖК они, скорее всего, добавили бы не более 1–3 %. См. Stephan J. Guyenet and Susan E. Carlson, “Increase in Adipose Tissue Linoleic Acid of US Adults in the Last Half Century,” Advances in Nutrition 6, no. 6 (November 2015): 660–664, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.009944.
47
Данные получены из того же набора, который использовался для построения графика на рис. 0–1, «Как менялись пищевые источники жира в последние 120 лет».
48
Stephan Guyenet, “Seed Oils and Body Fatness – A Problematic Revisit,” Whole Health Source (blog), August 21, 2011, http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2011/08/seed-oils-and-body-fatness-problematic.html.
49
Masterjohn, “AJCN Publishes a New PUFA Study.”
50
Taylor C. Wallace, Michael McBurney, and Victor L. Fulgoni III, “Multivitamin/Mineral Supplement Contribution to Micronutrient Intakes in the United States, 2007–2010,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 33, no. 2 (2014): 94–102, https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2013. 84680; Victoria J. Drake, “Micronutrient Inadequacies in the US Population: An Overview,” Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute, March 2018, https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/micronutrient-inadequacies/overview.
51
Michael T. Lin and M. Flint Beal, “The Oxidative Damage Theory of Aging,” Clinical Neuroscience Research 2, no. 5–6 (January – February 2003): 305–315, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-2772(03)00007-0.
52
Gerhard Spiteller, “The Relation of Lipid Peroxidation Processes with Atherogenesis: A New Theory on Atherogenesis,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 49, no. 11 (November 2005): 999–1013, https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500055; Gözde Gürdeniz, Min Kim, Nicklas Brustad, Madeleine Ernst, Francesco Russo, Jakob Stokholm, Klaus Bønnelykke, et al., “Furan Fatty Acid Metabolite in Newborns Predicts Risk of Asthma,” Allergy 78, no. 2 (February 2023): 429–438, https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15554.
53
Gerhard Spiteller and Mohammad Afzal, “The Action of Peroxyl Radicals, Powerful Deleterious Reagents, Explains Why Neither Cholesterol nor Saturated Fatty Acids Cause Atherogenesis and Age-Related Diseases,” Chemistry: A European Journal 20 (2014): 14928–14945, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404383.
54
Gerhard Spiteller, “Is Atherosclerosis a Multifactorial Disease or Is It Induced by a Sequence of Lipid Peroxidation Reactions?” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1043, no. 1 (June 2005): 355–366, https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1333.042; Gerhard Spiteller, “The Important Role of Lipid Peroxidation Processes in Aging and Age Dependent Diseases,” Molecular Biotechnology 37 (2007): 5–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-007-0057-6; Gerhard Spiteller, “Peroxyl Radicals Are Essential Reagents in the Oxidation Steps of the Maillard Reaction Leading to Generation of Advanced Glycation End Products,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1126 (April 2008): 128–133, https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1433.031.
55
Barry Halliwell and Martin Grootveld, “The Measurement of Free Radical Reactions in Humans: Some Thoughts for Future Experimentation,” FEBS Letters 213, no. 1 (March 9, 1987): 9–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(87)81455-2.
56
Antonio Ceriello and Enrico Motz, “Is Oxidative Stress the Pathogenic Mechanism Underlying Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease? The Common Soil Hypothesis Revisited,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 24, no. 5 (May 2004): 816–823, https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000122852.22604.78.
57
A. Koch, K. Zacharowski, O. Boehm, M. Stevens, P. Lipfert, H.-J. von Giesen, A. Wolf, and R. Freynhagen, “Nitric Oxide and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Correlate with Pain Intensity in Chronic Pain Patients,” Inflammation Research 56 (2007): 32–37, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-007-6088-4; Rebecca S.Y. Wong, “Inflammation in COVID-19: From Pathogenesis to Treatment,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 14, no. 7 (2021): 831–844, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8339720.
58
Petra L.L. Goyens, Mary E. Spilker, Peter L. Zock, Martijn B. Katan, and Ronald P. Mensink, “Conversion of α-Linolenic Acid in Humans Is Influenced by the Absolute Amounts of α-Linolenic and Linoleic Acid in the Diet and Not by Their Ratio,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, no. 1 (July 2006): 44–53, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.44.
59
Colin L. Masters and Dennis J. Selkoe, “Biochemistry of Amyloid β-Protein and Amyloid Deposits in Alzheimer Disease,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2, no. 6 (June 2012): a006262, https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a006262.
60
Akihiko Nunomura, George Perry, Gjumrakch Aliev, Keisuke Hirai, Atsushi Takeda, Elizabeth K. Balraj, Paul K. Jones, et al., “Oxidative Damage Is the Earliest Event in Alzheimer Disease,” Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 60, no. 8 (August 2001): 759–767, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/60.8.759; Akihiko Nunomura, Rudy J. Castellani, Xiongwei Zhu, Paula I. Moreira, George Perry, and Mark A. Smith, “Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease,” Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 65, no. 7 (July 2006): 631–641, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnen.0000228136.58062.bf.
61
Vivian W.Y. Leung, Sarah-Jeanne Pilon, Pierre O. Fiset, and Shaifali Sandal, “A Case Report on Lipofuscin Deposition in a Graft Biopsy Two Years After Kidney Transpaltation: An Insignificant Bystander or a Pathogenic Benefactor?” BMC Nephrology 20 (2019): 376, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1569-6; Joaquin Ponce-Zepeda, Wenchang Guo, Giorgioni Carmen, Daniel Moon Kim, Gregory C. Albers, Vishal Suresh Chandan, and Xiaodong Li, “Brown Bowel Syndrome Is a Rare and Commonly Missed Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review,” Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine 2021 (2021): 6684678, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/ 6684678; Douglas A. Gray and John Woulfe, “Lipofuscin and Aging: A Matter of Toxic Waste,” Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2005, No. 5 (2005): re1, https://doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2005.5.re1.
62
A. Terman, “Garbage Catastrophe Theory of Aging: Imperfect Removal of Oxidative Damage?” Redox Report 6, no. 1 (2001): 15–26, https://doi.org/10.1179/135100001101535996.
63
R. Preston Mason, William J. Shoemaker, Lydia Shajenko, Timothy E. Chambers, and Leo G. Herbette, “Evidence for Changes in the Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Cortical Membrane Structure Mediated by Cholesterol,” Neurobiology of Aging 13, no. 3 (May – June 1992): 413–419, https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(92)90116-F.
64
David M. Wilson and Lester I. Binder, “Free Fatty Acids Stimulate the Polymerization of Tau and Amyloid f Peptides: In Vitro Evidence for a Common Effector of Pathogenesis in Alzheimer’s Disease,” American Journal of Pathology 150, no. 6 (June 1997): 2181–2195, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858305.
65
L. Ebony Boulware, Spyridon Marinopoulos, Karran A. Phillips, Constance W. Hwang, Kenric Maynor, Dan Merenstein, Renee F. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review: The Value of the Periodic Health Evaluation,” Annals of Internal Medicine 146, no. 4 (February 2007): 289–300, https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-4-200702200-000008; Lasse T. Krogsbøll, Karsten Juhl Jørgensen, Christian Grønøj Larsen, and Peter C. Gøtzsche, “General Health Checks in Adults for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Disease: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” BMJ 345 (2012): 27191, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7191. В следующих статьях вы найдете хороший обзор и познакомитесь с доктором Уэлчем, который десятилетиями публиковал статьи на эту тему: Jennifer Durgin, “Are We Hunting Too Hard?” Dartmouth Medicine 29, no. 4 (Summer 2005): 40–47, https://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/summer05/pdf/hunting_ too_hard.pdf;/Ateev Mehrotra and Allan Prochazka, “Improving Value in Health Care – Against the Annual Physical,” New England Journal of Medicine 373 (2015): 1485–1487, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1507485.
66
James F. Toole, M. René Malinow, Lloyd E. Chambless, J. David Spence, L. Creed Pettigrew, Virginia J. Howard, Elizabeth G. Sides, Chin-Hua Wang, and Meir Stampfer, “Lowering Homocysteine in Patients with Ischemic Stroke to Prevent Recurrent Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, and Death: The Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) Randomized Controlled Trial,” JAMA 291, no. 5 (2004): 565–575, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.5.565; J. L. Reay, M. A. Smith, and L. M. Riby, “B Vitamins and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: Review,” International Scholarly Research Notices 2013 (2013): 650983, https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/650983.
67
Roman N. Rodionov and Steven R. Lentz, “The Homocysteine Paradox,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 28 (2008): 1031–1033, https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.164830.
68
Hayley Wall, “Scientists Don’t Agree on What Causes Obesity, but They Know What Doesn’t,” New York Times, November 21, 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/11/21/opinion/obesity-cause.html.
69
Weston A. Price, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration (Lemon Grove, CA: Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, 2009); Catherine Shanahan, Deep Nutrition: Why Your Genes Need Traditional Food (New York: Flatiron Books, 2017).
70
Крис Нобб, переписка по электронной почте с автором, 16 января 2023.
71
Tanya L. Blasbalg, Joseph R. Hibbeln, Christopher E. Ramsden, Sharon F. Majchrzak, and Robert R. Rawlings, “Changes in Consumption of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in the United States During the 20th Century,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93, no. 5 (2011): 950–962, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.006643.
72
У участников исследований LA VA и «Элджинского проекта» сохранялся нормальный вес, несмотря на диету с большим содержанием ПНЖК – скорее всего потому, что их приемы пищи были рассчитаны таким образом, чтобы сохранять здоровый вес в течение всего исследования, и у них не было доступа к перекусу или пище откуда-либо извне. См. Seymour Dayton, Morton Lee Pearce, Sam Hashimoto, Wilfrid J. Dixon, and Uwamie Tomiyasu, “A Controlled Clinical Trial of a Diet High in Unsaturated Fat in Preventing Complications of Atherosclerosis,” Circulation 40, no. 1s2 (1969), https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.40.1S2.II-1.
73
John Yudkin, The Penguin Encyclopaedia of Nutrition (New York: Penguin, 1986), 55.
74
G. Cohen, Y. Riahi, and S. Sasson, “Lipid Peroxidation of Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Normal and Obese Adipose Tissues,” Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 117, no. 3 (July 2011): 131–139, https://doi.org/10.3109/13813455.2011.557387; Giuseppe Murdolo, Desirée Bartolini, Cristina Tortoioli, Marta Piroddi, Luigi Iuliano, and Francesco Galli, “Lipokines and Oxysterols: Novel Adipose-Derived Lipid Hormones Linking Adipose Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 65 (2013): 811–820, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.007.
75
Charalambos Antoniades and Cheerag Shirodaria, “Detecting Coronary Inflammation with Perivascular Fat Attenuation Imaging: Making Sense from Perivascular Attenuation Maps,” JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 12, no. 10 (October 2019): 2011–2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg. 2018.12.024.
76
V. Van Harmelin, S. Reynisdottir, P. Eriksson, A. Thörne, J. Hoffstedt, F. Lönnqvist, and P. Arner, “Leptin Secretion from Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Women,” Diabetes 47, no. 6 (June 1998): 913–917, https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.47.6.913.
77
Jacek Karczewski, Aleksandra Zielínska, Rafał Staszewski, Piotr Eder, and Agnieszka Dobrowolska, “Metabolic Link Between Obesity and Autoimmune Diseases,” European Cytokine Network 32, no. 4 (2021): 64–72, https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2021.0474; Victoria R. Kwiat, Gisienne Reis, Isela C. Valera, Kislay Parvatiyar, and Michelle S. Parvatiyar, “Autoimmunity as a Sequela to Obesity and Systemic Inflammation,” Frontiers in Physiology 13 (2022), https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys. 2022.887702; Giuseppina Rosaria Umano, Carmelo Pistone, Enrico Tondina, Alice Moiraghi, Daria Lauretta, Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice, and Ilaria Brambilla, “Pediatric Obesity and the Immune System,” Frontiers in Pediatrics 7 (2019), https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00487.
78
Jan Frohlich, George N. Chaldakov, and Manlio Vinciguerra, “Cardio– and Neurometabolic Adipobiology: Consequences and Implications for Therapy,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 2021): 4137, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084137.
79
Philip B. Maffetone, Ivan Rivera-Dominguez, and Paul B. Laursen, “Overfat Adults and Children in Developed Countries: The Public Health Importance of Identifying Excess Body Fat,” Frontiers in Public Health 5 (2017), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00190.
80
Maffetone et al., “Overfat Adults and Children in Developed Countries.”
81
Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas, eds., The Cambridge World History of Food (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
82
Chris A. Knobbe and Suzanne Alexander, The Ancestral Diet Revolution: How Vegetable Oils and Processed Foods Destroy Our Health – and How to Recover! (Boulder, CO: Ancestral Health Foundation, 2023.)
83
Jules Hirsch, John W. Farquhar, E. H. Ahrens Jr., M. L. Peterson, and Wilhelm Stoffel, “Studies of Adipose Tissue in Man: A Microtechnic for Sampling and Analysis,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 8, no. 4 (August 1960): 499–511, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/8.4.499.
84
Dominique Langan, “In and Out: Adipose Tissue Lipid Turnover in Obesity and Dyslipidemia,” Cell Metabolism 14, no. 5 (November 2011): 569–570; S. Bernard and K. L. Spalding, “Implication of Lipid Turnover for the Control of Energy Balance,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soceity B 378, no. 1888 (October 2023), https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0202.
85
J. Luo, H. Yang, and B. L. Song, “Merhanisms and Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis,” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 21, 2020: 225–245, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0190.7.
86
Мы храним небольшое число сахара в форме гликогена в печени и мышцах, но его количество регулируется, и он не «лишний». (Даже если мы вообще не едим сахар, в запасе он у нас все равно будет, причем в том же количестве.)
87
Daniele Penzo, Chiara Tagliapietra, Raffaele Colonna, Valeria Petronilli, and Paolo Bernardi, “Effects of Fatty Acids on Mitochondria: Implications for Cell Death,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Bioenergetics 1555, no. 1–3 (2002): 160–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0005-2728(02)00272-4.
88
Berton C. Pressman and Henry A. Lardy, “Effect of Surface Active Agents on the Latent ATPASE of Mitochondria,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 21, no. 3 (September 1956): 458–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(56)90182-2; P. Borst, J. A. Loos, E. J. Christ, and E. C. Slater, “Uncoupling Activity of Long-Chain Fatty Acids,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 62, no. 3 (August 1962): 509–518, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(62)90232-9.
89
Efraim Racker, “Editorial: Calories Don’t Count – If You Don’t Use Them,” American Journal of Medicine 35, no. 2 (August 1963): 133–134.
90
Racker, “Editorial: Calories Don’t Count.”
91
Pawel Kowalczyk, D. Sulejczak, P. Kleczkowska, I. Bukowska-Ośko, M. Kucia, M. Popiel, E. Wietrak, K. Kramkowski, K. Wrzosek, and K. Kaczyńska, “Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress – A Causative Factor and Therapeutic Target in Many Diseases,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (2021): 13384, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413384.
92
Эта статья поддерживает идею, что клеткам трудно сжигать телесный жир. Авторы пишут: «Причина этого процесса – нарушенный или неполный митохондриальный катаболизм внутриклеточных липидов в инсулинорезистентных скелетных мышцах». Однако авторы не знают, что в нашем телесном жире много ПНЖК, так что не могут из-за этого сделать правильные выводы о некоторых аспектах процесса. См. Nishantah E. Sunny, E. J. Parks, J. D. Browning, and S. C. Burgess, “Excessive Hepatic Mitochondrial TCA Cycle and Gluconeogenesis in Humans with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,” Cell Metabolism 14, no. 6 (December 2021): 804–810, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.11.004.
93
Mitchell Roslin, “Obesity as a Mitochondrial Disease of Aging,” Keynote Address, Australian New Zealand Metabolic and Obesity Society, October 2022.
94
Эта статья контрастирует с исследованиями, которые сравнивают эффект от ПНЖК и насыщенных жиров на окисление субстрата сразу после приема пищи. В данном случае ПНЖК стимулируют более сильное окисление, чем насыщенные жиры – скорее всего потому, что в присутствии инсулина эти маслянистые, извивающиеся жирные кислоты так быстро пробираются в клетки, что затем могут попасть и в митохондрии без нормального митохондриального контроля. См. Peter J.H. Jones and Dale A. Schoeller, “Polyunsaturated: Saturated Ratio of Diet Fat Influences Energy Substrate Utilization in the Human,” Metabolism 37, no. 2 (February 1988): 145–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(98)90009-9.
95
Melania Manco, Menotti Calvani, and Geltrude Mingrone, “Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 6, no. 6 (2004): 402–413, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462–8902.2004.00356.x; Meghana D. Gadgil, Lawrence J. Appel, Edwina Yeung, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Frank M. Sacks, and Edgar R. Miller III, “The Effects of Carbohydrate, Unsaturated Fat, and Protein Intake on Measures of Insulin Sensitivity: Results from the OmniHeart Trial,” Diabetes Care 36, no. 5 (May 2013): 1132–1137, https://doi.org/10.2337/ dc12-0869.
96
C. Xiao, A. Giacca, A. Carpentier, and G. F. Lewis, “Differential Effects of Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated and Saturated Fat Ingestion on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion, Sensitivity and Clearance in Overweight and Obese, Non-diabetic Humans,” Diabetologia 49 (2006): 1371–1379, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0211-x.
97
Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Ehsan Shokri Kojori, Joanna S. Fowler, Helene Benveniste, and Dardo Tomasi, “Alcohol Decreases Baseline Brain Glucose Metabolism More in Heavy Drinkers Than Controls but Has No Effect on Stimulation-Induced Metabolic Increases,” Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 7 (2015): 3248–3255, https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4877-14.2015. Тот факт, что при переработке уксусной кислоты в клетках мозга снижается потребление сахара, обычно считается доказательством того, что наши клетки «предпочитают» уксусную кислоту.
98
“Understanding Insulin Resistance,” American Diabetes Association, ссылка открыта 7 сентября 2023, https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/medication-treatments/insulin-resistance.
99
R. Firth, P. Bell, and R. Rizza, “Insulin Action in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: The Relationship Between Hepatic and Extrahepatic Insulin Resistance and Obesity,” Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental 36, no. 11 (November 1987): 1091–1095, https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(87)90031-X.
100
R. Reynolds, B. R. Walker, H. E. Syddall, C. B. Whorwood, P. J. Wood, and D. I. Phillips, “Elevated Plasma Cortisol in Glucose-Intolerant Men: Differences in Responses to Glucose and Habituation to Venepuncture,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86, no. 3 (March 2001): 1149–1153, Figs. 1, 2, and 3. «Ожирение (p = 0.033 и инсулинорезистентность (p = 0.009) ассоциируются с повышенным уровнем глюкагона»: Martin Lundqvist, Kristina Almby, Urban Wiklund, Niclas Abrahamson, Prasad Kamble, Maria Pereira, and Jan Eriksson, “Altered Hormonal and Autonomic Nerve Responses to Hypo– and Hyperglycaemia Are Found in Overweight and Insulin-Resistant Individuals and May Contribute to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes” Diabetologia 64, no. 3 (March 2021): 641–655.
101
Нетолерантность к глюкозе – это первый известный этап инсулинорезистентности. См. Robert C. Andrews, Olive Herlihy, Dawn E.W. Livingstone, Ruth Andrew, and Brian R. Walker, “Abnormal Cortisol Metabolism and Tissue Sensitivity to Cortisol in Patients with Glucose Intolerance,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87, no. 12 (December 2002): 5587–5593, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020048. «Глюкагон повышает выработку глюкозы в печени путем острой стимуляции гликогенолиза и хронической стимуляции глюконеогенеза»: Dominic Santoleri and Paul M. Titchenell, “Resolving the Paradox of Hepatic Insulin Resistance,” Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology 7, no. 2 (2019): 447–456, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.016.
102
Carine Beaupere, Alexandrine Liboz, Bruno Fève, Bertrand Blondeau, and Ghislaine Guillemain, “Molecular Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (2021): 623, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020623.
103
«На начальной стадии наблюдается компенсационный рост выработки инсулина, который поддерживает уровень глюкозы в нормальном диапазоне»: Rajeev Goyal, Minhthao Nguyen, and Ishwarlal Jialal, “Glucose Intolerance,” Stat Pearls, January 2023, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499910.
104
Sunny et al., “Excessive Hepatic Mitochondrial TCA Cycle”; Santoleri and Titchenell, “Resolving the Paradox of Hepatic Insulin Resistance”; Ralph A. DeFronzo, “Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” Medical Clinics 88, no. 4 (July 2024): 787–835, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.013.
105
Evan D. Muse, Tony K.T. Lam, Philipp E. Scherer, and Luciano Rossetti, “Hypothalamic Resistin Incudes Hepatic Insulin Resistance,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 117, no. 6 (2007): 1670–1678, https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI30440.
106
Nal Ae Yoon and Sabrina Diano, “Hypothalamic Glucose-Sensing Mechanisms,” Diabetologia 64, no. 5 (2021): 985–993, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05395-6.
107
Noёl Cano, “Bench-to-Bedside Review: Glucose Production from the Kidney,” Critical Care 6, no. 4 (2002): 317, https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1517.
108
Samantha Hurrle and Walter H. Hsu, “The Etiology of Oxidative Stress in Insulin Resistance,” Biomedical Journal 40, no. 5 (October 2017): 257–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2017.06.007.
109
“Insulin Resistance and Diabetes,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, последняя версия от 20 июня 2022, www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/insulin-resistance.html.
110
Poonamjot Deol, Jane R. Evans, Joseph Dhahbi, Karthikeyani Chellappa, Diana S. Han, Stephen Spindler, and Frances M. Sladek, “Soybean Oil Is More Obesogenic and Diabetogenic Than Coconut Oil and Fructose in Mouse: Potential Role for the Liver,” PLOS One 10, no. 7 (July 2015): e0132672, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132672.
111
Фрэнсис Сладек, телефонное интервью с автором, 24 февраля 2015.
112
“Dr Frances M. Sladek: Turning the Tables on ‘Healthy’ Fats,” Scientia, February 18, 2017, www.scientia.global/dr-frances-m-sladek-turning-tables-healthy-fats.
113
Jean A Welsh, Andrea J. Sharma, Lisa Grellinger, and Miriam B. Vos, “Consumption of Added Sugars Is Decreasing in the United States,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94, no. 3 (September 2011): 726–734; Kelsey A. Vercammen, Alyssa J. Moran, Mark J. Soto, Lee Kennedy-Shaffer, and Sara N. Bleich, “Decreasing Trends in Heavy Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in the United States, 2003 to 2016,” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2020, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jand.2020.07.012.
114
Joana Araújo, Jianwen Cai, and June Stevens, “Prevalence of Optimal Metabolic Health in American Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2016,” Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 17, no. 1 (February 2019): 46–52, https://doi.org/10.1089/ met.2018.0105; “Only 12 Percent of American Adults Are Metabolically Healthy, Carolina Study Finds,” UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, November 28, 2018, https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/only-12-percent-of-american-adults-are-metabolically-healthy-study-finds.
115
В одном исследовании (Matli et al.) 1.0–1.1 считается нижней границей нормы, а некоторые данные из статьи показывают, что эта цифра может быть даже ниже. Другое исследование (Kar) говорит, что одним из возможных «нормальных» показателей может быть 3,8. См. Bassel Matli, Andreas Schulz, Thomas Koeck, Tanja Falter, Johannes Lotz, Heidi Rossmann, and Norbert Pfeiffer, et al., “Distribution of HOMA-IR in a Population-Based Cohort and Proposal for Reference Intervals,” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 59, no. 11 (August 2021): 1844–1851, https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-0643; S. Kar, “Metabolic Risks of the Lean PCOS Woman,” Fertility and Sterility 100, no. 3 (September 2013): S359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.848.
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Сейчас справочный диапазон для глюкозы – 70–100 мг/дл (3,8–5,5 ммоль/л). Когда я училась на медика, нормальным диапазоном сахара в крови натощак считалось 65–85 мг/дл (3,6–4,7 ммоль/л).
117
D. R. Matthews, J. R. Hosker, A. S. Rudenski, B. A. Naylor, D. F. Treacher, and R. C. Turner, “Homeostasis Model Assessment: Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Function from Fasting Plasma Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Man,” Diabetologia 28 (1985): 412–419; Catherine Marin DeUgarte, Alfred A. Bartolucci, and Ricardo Azziz, “Prevalence of Insulin Resistance in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Using the Homeostasis Model Assessment,” Fertility and Sterility 83, no. 5 (May 2005): 1454–1460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.070.
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Vibhu Parcha, Brittain Heindl, Rajat Kalra, Peng Li, Barbara Gower, Garima Arora, Pankaj Arora, “Insulin Resistance and Cardiometabolic Risk Profile Among Nondiabetic American Young Adults: Insights from NHANES,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 107, no. 1 (January 2022): e25-e37, https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab645.
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“Type 2 Diabetes Can Be Stopped in Childhood,” Diabetes in Control, June 29, 2009, www.diabetesincontrol.com/type-2-diabetes-can-be-stopped-in-childhood; Brian Bennett, D. Enette Larson-Meyer, Eric Ravussin, Julia Volaufova, Arlette Soros, William T. Cefalu, Stuart Chalew, et al., “Impaired Insulin Sensitivity and Elevated Ectopic Fat in Healthy Obese vs. Nonobese Prepubertal Children,” Obesity 20, no. 2 (February 2012): 371–375, https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.264.
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Bennett et al., “Impaired Insulin Sensitivity and Elevated Ectopic Fat.”
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Anton Holmgren, Aimon Niklasson, Andreas F.M. Nierop, Lars Gelander, A. Stefan Aronson, Agneta Sjöberg, Lauren Lissner, and Kerstin Albertsson-Wikland, “Pubertal Height Gain Is Inversely Related to Peak BMI in Childhood,” Pediatric Research 81 (2017): 448–454, https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2016.253.
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Ottavio Vitelli, Alessandra Tabarrini, Silvia Miano, Jole Rabasco, Nicoletta Pietropaoli, Martina Forlani, Pasquale Parisi, and Maria Pia Villa, “Impact of Obesity on Cognitive Outcome in Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing,” Sleep Medicine 16, no. 5 (May 2015): 625–630, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.015.
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Ida Gillberg Anderson, Jens-Christian Holm, and Preben Homøe, “Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obese Children and Adolescents, Treatment Methods and Outcome of Treatment – A Systematic Review,” International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 87 (August 2016): 190–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.06.017.
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Coleen A. Boyle, Sheree Boulet, Laura A. Schieve, Robin A. Cohen, Stephen J. Blumberg, Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp, Susanna Visser, and Michael D. Kogan, “Trends in the Prevalence of Developmental Disabilities in US Children, 1997–2008,” Pediatrics 127, no. 6 (2011): 1034–1042, https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010–2989.
125
“Childhood Cancer Fact Library,” Coalition Against Childhood Cancer, последняя версия 2022, https://cac2.org/interest-groups/awareness/childhood-cancer-fact-library.
126
Max D. Gehrman and Louis C. Grandizio, “Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwing Athletes: Diagnosis and Management,” Journal of Hand Surgery 47, no. 3 (March 2022): 266–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.11.026; Chris G. Koutures, Andrew J.M. Gregory, and the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, “Injuries in Youth Soccer,” Pediatrics 125, no. 2 (2010): 410–414, https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009–3009.
127
Moody’s Analytics, “The Economic Consequences of Millennial Health,” Blue Cross Blue Shield, November 6, 2019, www.bcbs.com/the-health-of-america/report/show-millennials-current-and-future-health-could-affect-our-economy.
128
Hagai Levine, Niels Jørgensen, Anderson Martino-Andrade, Jaime Mendiola, Dan Weksler-Derri, Maya Joles, Rachel Pinotti, and Shanna H. Swan, “Temporal Tends in Sperm Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Samples Collected Globally in the 20th and 21st Centuries,” Human Reproduction Update 29, no. 2 (March-April 2023): 157–176, https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmac035.
129
В оригинале Grave New World, отсылка к книге-антиутопии Brave New World («Дивный новый мир») Олдоса Хаксли. Каламбур сложный: grave значит сразу и «могила», и «серьезный». – Прим. пер.
130
Hana Kahleova, Jan Irene Lloren, Andrew Mashchak, Martin Hill, and Gary E. Fraser, “Meal Frequency and Timing Are Associated with Changes in Body Mass Index in Adventist Health Study 2,” Journal of Nutrition 147, no. 9 (September 2017): 1722–1728, https://doi.org/10.3945/ jn.116.244749; Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, “How to Optimize Your Diet to Boost Metabolism,” VuMedi, March 24, 2022, www.vumedi.com/video/how-to-optimize-your-diet-to-boost-metabolism; Hana Kahleova, Lenka Belinova, Hana Malinska, Olena Oliyarnyk, Jaroslava Trnovska, Vojtech Skop, Ludmila Kazdova, et al., “Eating Two Larger Meals a Day (Breakfast and Lunch) Is More Effective Than Six Smaller Meals in a Reduced-Energy Regimen for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Study,” Diabetologia 57, no. 8 (2014): 1552–1560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3253-5.
131
При инсулинорезистентности организм тоже может вырабатывать кетоны, но они чаще вырабатываются из мышечной, а не жировой ткани, что явно не является нормальным способом питания мозга и работает не так хорошо. Подробнее мы это обсудим в главе 8. См. Philip Felig, John Wahren, Robert Sherwin, and George Palaiologos, “Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus,” Archives of Natural Medicine 137, no. 4 (1977): 507–513, https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1977.03630160069014; Weimin Yu, Tomiko Kuhara, Yoshito Inuoe, Isamu Matsumoto, Ryoji Iwasaki, and Shinpei Morimoto, “Increased Urinary Excretion of β-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid in Ketotic and Nonketotic Type II Diabetes Mellitus,” Clinica Chimica Acta 188, no. 2 (April 1990): 161–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(90)90160-T; Kohsuke Hayamizu, “Amino Acids and Energy Metabolism: An Overview,” in Sustained Energy for Enhanced Human Functions and Activity, ed. Debasis Bagchi, 339–349 (London: Academic Press, 2017).
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«Одна клетка использует около 10 миллионов молекул АТФ в секунду и перерабатывает все свои молекулы АТФ каждые примерно 20–30 секунд»: “2.9: Glucose and ATP,” in Biology, LibreTexts.org, ссылка открыта 8 сентября 2023, https://k12.libretexts.org/ Bookshelves/Science_and_Technology/Biology/02%3A_Cell_Biology/2.09#3A_Glucose_and_ATP
133
Benedetta Russo, Marika Menduni, Patrizia Borboni, Fabiana Picconi, and Simona Frontoni, “Autonomic Nervous System in Obesity and Insulin-Resistance – The Complex Interplay Between Leptin and Central Nervous System,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (2021): 5187, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105187.
134
Michael M. Smith and Christopher T. Minson, “Obesity and Adipokines: Effects on Sympathetic Overactivity,” Journal of Physiology 590, no. 8 (April 2012): 1787–1801, https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.221036.
135
Iltan Aklan, Nilufer Sayar Atasoy, Yavuz Yavuz, Tayfun Ates, Ilknur Coban, Fulya Koksalar, Gizem Filiz, et al., “NTS Catecholamine Neurons Mediate Hypoglycemic Hunger via Medial Hypothalamic Feeding Pathways,” Cell Metabolism 31, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 313–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.016.
136
О нормальном уровне ГПП-1 между приемами пищи (~10 пмоль/л) см. M. A. Nauck, I Vardarli, C. F. Deacon, J. J. holst, and J. J. Meier, “Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in Type 2 Diabetes: What Is Up, What Is Down?” Diabetologia 54 (2011): 10–18, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00125-010-1896-4. По сравнению с предыдущей ссылкой требуется использовать молярную массу «Оземпика» (4133 дальтона) в качестве фактора конвертации и поправки единиц измерения: Tine A. Baekdal, Mette Thomsen, Viera Kupčová, Cilie W. Hansen, and Thomas W. Anderson, “Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Hepatic Impairment,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 58, no. 10 (October 2018): 1314–1323, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1131.
137
University of Guelph, “Link Between Hunger and Mood Explained,” Science Daily, September 25, 2018, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180925115218.htm; Thomas Horman, Maria Fernanda Fernandes, Yan Zhou, Benjamin Fuller, Melissa Tigert, and Francesco Leri, “An Exploration of the Aversive Properties of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose in Rats,” Psychopharmacology 235 (2018): 3055–3063, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4998-1.
138
University of Guelph, “Link Between Hunger and Mood Explained.”
139
Thomas Horman, “An Exploration of the Aversive Properties of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose in the Context of Metabolic Dysfunction and Mood Disorders” (master’s thesis, University of Guelph, 2017).
140
Viren Swami, Samahtna Hochstöger, Erik Kargl, and Stefan Stieger, “Hangry in the Field: An Experience Sampling Study on the Impact of Hunger on Anger, Irritability, and Affect,” PLOS One (July 6, 2022), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269629.
141
Roy F. Baumeister and Joseph M. Boden, “Aggression and the Self: High Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control, and Ego Threat,” in Human Aggression: Theories, Research, and Implications for Social Policy (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 1998), 111–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012278805-5/50006-7.
142
“Roy Baumeister – Willpower: Self-Control, Decision Fatigue, and Energy Depletion,” YouTube, канал TheIMHC (Institute for Human and Machine Cognition), 7 ноября 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfnUicHDNM8.
143
“Roy Baumeister – Willpower: Self-Control, Decision Fatigue, and Energy Depletion,” YouTube; “Self-Control, Willpower, and Ego Depletion: Gradual Emergence of a Theory,” YouTube, канал Wydzial Psychologii I Kognitywistyki UAM, 13 июня 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=aa9AjpJnZJA.
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“Roy Baumeister – Willpower: Self-Control, Decision Fatigue, and Energy Depletion,” YouTube; “Self-Control, Willpower, and Ego Depletion: Gradual Emergence of a Theory,” YouTube.
145
Thomas E. Denson, William von Hippel, Richard I. Kemp, and Lydia S. Teo, “Glucose Consumption Decreases Impulsive Aggression in Response to Provocation in Aggressive Individuals,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46, no. 6 (November 2010): 1023–1028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeps.2010.05.023.
146
C. Nathan DeWall, Timothy Deckman, Matthew T. Gailliot, and Brad J. Bushman, “Sweetened Blood Cools Hot Tempers: Physiological Self-Control and Aggression,” Aggressive Behavior 37, no. 1 (January – Febryary 2011): 73–80, https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20366.
147
Leigh M. Riby, Anna S. Law, Jennifer Mclaughlin, and Jennifer Murray, “Preliminary Evidence That Glucose Ingestion Facilitates Prospective Memory Performance,” Nutrition Research 31 (2011): 370–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2011.04.003.
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Christine Gagnon, Carol E. Greenwood, and Louis Bherer, “The Acute Effects of Glucose Ingestion on Attentional Control in Fasting Healthy Older Adults,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 211, no. 3 (2010): 337–346, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1905-9.
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D. O. Kennedy and A. B. Scholey, “Glucose Administration, Heart Rate and Cognitive Performance: Effects of Increasing Mental Effort,” Psychopharmacology 149 (2000): 63–71, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002139900335; Michael A. Smith, Leigh M. Riby, J. Anke M. van Eekelen, Jonathan K. Foste, “Glucose Enhancement of Human Memory: A Comprehensive Research Review of the Glucose Memory Facilitation Effect,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35 (2011): 770–783, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.008.
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Cheryl D. Fryar, Jeffery P. Hughes, Kirtsen A. Herrick, and Namanjeet Ahluwalia, “Fast Food Consumption Among Adults in the United States, 2013–2016,” NCHS Data Brief No. 322, October 2018, www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db322-h.pdf.
151
Danielle Wiener-Bronner, “How America Turned into a Nation of Snackers,” KCRA, September 5, 2002, www.kcra.com/article/snacking-habits-americans/41082220.
152
Roy Baumeister – Willpower: Self-Control, Decision Fatigue, and Energy Depletion,” YouTube.
153
Брэд Бушман, личное интервью с автором, 3 мая 2023.
154
Brad J. Bushman, C. Nathan DeWall, Richard S. Pond J., and Michael D. Hanus, “Low Glucose Relates to Greater Aggression in Married Couples,” ed. Roy Baumeister, PNAS 111, no. 17 (April 2014): 6254–6257, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1400619111.
155
“Don’t Get Hangry: Feed Your Brain Healthy Food | Brad Bushman | TEDx-Columbus,” YouTube, канал TEDx Talks, 26 ноября 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOn3zOp8JPE.
156
Gisela Telis, “Unhappy Marriages Due to Low Blood Sugar? Study Suggests Low Levels of Glucose in the Blood Spur Spouses to Fight,” Science, April 14, 2014, www.science.org/content/article/unhappy-marriages-due-low-blood-sugar.
157
Morgana Mongraw-Chaffin, Daniel P. Beavers, and Donald A. McClain, “Hypoglycemic Symptoms in the Absence of Diabetes: Pilot Evidence of Clinical Hypoglycemia in Young Women,” Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology 18 (December 2019): 100202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2019.100202.
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Mongraw-Chaffin et al., “Hypoglycemic Symptoms in the Absence of Diabetes”; “Erratum Regarding Missing Declaration of Competing Interest Statements in Previously Published Articles,” Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology 23 (December 2020): 100242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100242.
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Seok Joon Won, Byung Hoon Yoo, Tiina M. Kauppinen, Bo Young Choi, Jin Hee Kim, Bong Geom Jang, Min Woo Lee, et al., “Recurrent/Moderate Hypoglycemia Induces Hippocampal Dendritic Injury, Microglial Activation, and Cognitive Impairment in Diabetic Rats,” Journal of Neuroinflammation 9 (2012): 182, https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-9-182.
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Ashish K. Rehni and Kunjan R. Dave, “Impact of Hypoglycemia on Brain Metabolism During Diabetes,” Molecular Neurobiology 55 (2018): 9075–9088, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12035-018-1044-6.
161
Joel Yager and Roy T. Young, “Non-Hypoglycemia Is an Epidemic Condition,” New England Journal of Medicine 291 (October 24, 1974): 907–908, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197410242911713; Marianna Hall, Magdalena Walicka, Mariusz Panczyk, and Iwona Traczyk, “Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Suspected Reactive Hypoglycemia,” Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 4 (April 2021): 276, https://doi.org/10.3390/hpm11040276; Michael T. McDermott, ed., Management of Patients with Pseudo-Endocrine Disorders: A Case-Based Pocket Guide (Berlin: Springer, 2019).
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Mongraw-Chaffin et al., “Hypoglycemic Symptoms in the Absence of Diabetes.”
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Mongraw-Chaffin et al., “Hypoglycemic Symptoms in the Absence of Diabetes.”
164
Ichiro Kishimoto and Akio Ohashi, “Subclinical Reactive Hypoglycemia Is Associated with Higher Eating and Snacking Frequencies in Obese or Overweight Men Without Diabetes,” Endocrines 3, no. 3 (2022): 530–537, https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines3030043.
165
Kishimoto and Ohashi, “Subclinical Reactive Hypoglycemia.”
166
Jennifer Shike, “Most People Think They Eat Healthier Than They Do,” Dairy Herd Management, June 22, 2022, www.dairyherd.com/news/education/most-people-think-they-eat-healthier-they-do; Jessica Thomson, Alicia Landry, and Tameka Walls, “Can United States Adults Accurately Assess Their Diet Quality?” Current Developments in Nutrition 6, no. Supplement 1 (June 2022): 952, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac067.072.
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Maria Luz Fernandez and Ana Gabriela Murillo, “Is There a Correlation Between Dietary and Blood Cholesterol? Evidence from Epidemiological Data and Clinical Interventions,” Nutrients 14, no. 10 (May 2014): 2168, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102168.
168
“Angelo Scanu, MD,” University of Chicago: Medicine on the Midway, May 15, 2018, 41.
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Marc S. Penn and Guy M. Chisolm, “Oxidized Lipoproteins, Altered Cell Function and Atherosclerosis,” Atherosclerosis 108, Supplement (August 1994): S21–S29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(94)90150-3; Dayuan Li and Jawahar L. Mehta, “Oxidized LDL, a Critical Factor in Atherogenesis,” Cardiovascular Research 68, no. 3 (December 2005): 353–354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.09.009.
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Fumiaki Ito and Tomoyuki Ito, “High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Triglyceride and Oxidized HDL: New Lipid Biomarkers of Lipoprotein-Related Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease,” Antioxidants 9, no. 5 (2020): 362, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050362.
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«Новое национальное исследование показало, что в соответствии с нынешними национальными рекомендациями по холестерину почти у 75 % пациентов, госпитализированных с сердечным приступом, уровень холестерина не указывал на повышенный риск сердечно-сосудистого события»: Amit Sachdeva, Christopher P. Cannon, Prakash C. Deedwania, Kenneth A. LaBresh, Sidney C. Smith Jr., David Dai, Adrian Hernandez, and Gregg C. Fonarow, on behalf of the GWTG [Get with the Guidelines] Steering Committee and Hospitals, “Lipid Levels in Patients Hospitalized with Coronary Artery Desease: An Analysis of 136,905 Hospitalizations in Get with the Guidelines,” American Heart Journal 157, no. 1 (January 2009): 11–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.08.010.
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Sachdeva et al., “Lipid Levels in Patients Hospitalized with Coronary Artery Disease.”
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Nicholas A. Marston, Robert P. Giugliano, Jeong-Gun Park, Andrea Ruzza, Peter S. Sever, Anthony C. Keech, and Marc S. Sabatine, “Cardiovascular Benefit of Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Below 40 mg/dL,” Circulation 144 (2021): 1732–1734, https://doi.org/ 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056536.
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Средний уровень составлял 189 мг/дл (10,5 ммоль/л) в 2013–2014 гг. См. Margaret D. Carrloo, David A. Lacher, and Paul D. Sorlie, “Trends in Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins of Adults, 1960–2002,” JAMA 294, no. 14 (2005): 1773–1781, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.14.1773; Asher Rosinger, Margaret D. Carroll, David Lacher, and Cynthia Ogden, “Trends in Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Low-Density Lipoprotein in US Adults, 1999–2014,” JAMA Cardiology 2, no. 3 (2017): 339–341, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.4396.
175
Ancel Keys, Joseph T. Anderson, and Francisco Grande, “Serum Cholesterol Response to Changes in the Diet: IV: Particular Saturated Fatty Acids in the Diet,” Metabolism 14, no. 7 (1965): 776–787, https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(65)90004-1.
176
Ivan D. Frantz Jr., Emily A. Dawson, Patricia L. Ashman, Laёl C. Gatewood, Glenn E. Bartsch, Kanta Kuba, and Elizabeth R. Brewer, “Test of Effect of Lipid Lowering by Diet on Cardiovascular Risk: The Minnesota Coronary Survey,” Arteriosclerosis 9, no. 1 (January – February 1989): 129–135, https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.9.1.129.
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Christopher E. Ramsden, Daisy Zamora, Sharon Majchrzak-Hong, Keturah R. Faurot, Steven K. Broste, Robert P. Frantz, John M. Davis, Amit Ringel, Chirayath M. Suchindran, and Joseph R. Hibbeln, “Re-evaluation of the Traditional Diet-Heart Hypothesis: Analysis of Recovered Data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1967–73),” BMJ (2016): 353, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1246.
178
Ramsden et al., “Re-evaluation of the Traditional Diet-Heart Hypothesis.”
179
Staff, “Research Review: Old Data on Dietary Fats in Context with Current Recommendations,” Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, April 13, 2016, www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionscource/2016/04/13/diet-heart-ramsden-mce-bmj-comments.
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U. Ravnskov, K. S. McCully, and P. J. Rosch, “The Statin-Low Cholesterol-Cancer Conundrum,” QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 105, no. 4 (April 2012): 383–388, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr243.
181
Janice Hopkins Tanne, “Meta-Analysis Says Low LDL Cholesterol May Be Associated with Greater Risk of Cancer,” BMJ 335, no. 7612 (July 28, 2007): 177, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39287.415347.DB.
182
Naoki Nago, Shizukiyo Ishikawa, Tadao Goto, and Kazunori Kayaba, “Low Cholesterol Is Associated with Mortality from Stroke, Heart Disease, and Cancer: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study,” Journal of Epidemiology 21, no. 1 (2011): 67–74, https://doi.org/10.2188/jea. JE20100065.
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Christopher E. Ramsden, Christopher E. Ramsden, Daisy Zamora, Boonseng Leelarthaepin, Sharon F. Majchrzak-Hong, Keturah R. Faurot, Chirayath M. Suchindran, Amit Ringel, John M. Davis, and Joseph R. Hibbeln, “Use of Dietary Linoleia Acid for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease and Death: Evaluation of Recovered Data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and Updated Meta-Analysis,” BMJ 346 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e8707.
184
Y.-B. Lv, Z. X. Yin, C.-L. Chei, M. S. Brasher, J. Zhang, V. B. Kraus, F. Qian, Xiaoming Shi, D. B. Matchar, and Y. Zeng, “Serum Cholesterol Levels Within the High Normal Range Are Associated with Better Cognitive Performance Among Chinese Elderly,” Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 20, no. 3 (2016): 280–287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0701-6.
185
Kenneth R. Feingold and Carl Grunfeld, “The Effect of Inflammation and Infection on Lipids and Lipoproteins,” in Endotext, ed. Kenneth R. Feingold, Bradley Anawalt, Marc R. Blackman, Alison Boyce, George Chrousos, Emiliano Corpas, and Wouter W. de Herder, et al. (South Dartmouth, MA: MDText.com, 2000); Álvaro Aparisi, Carolina Iglesias-Echeverría, Cristina Ybarra-Falcón, Iván Cusácovich, Aitor Uribarri, Mario García-Gómez, Raquel Ladrón, et al., “Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Are Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19,” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 31, no. 9 (August 2021): 2619–2627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.06.016; Mengmeng Zhao, Zhen Luo, Hua He, Bo Shen, Jinjun Liang, Jishou Zhang, Jing Ye, et al., “Decreased Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level Indicates Poor Prognosis of Severe and Critical COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective, Single-Center Study,” Frontiers in Medicine 8 (2021): 585851, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.585851; Angelo Zinellu, Panagiotis Paliogiannis, Alessandro G. Fois, Paolo Solidoro, Ciriaco Carru, and Arduino A. Mangoni, “Cholesterol and Triglyceride Concentrations, COVID-19 Severity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression,” Frontiers in Public Health (August 18, 2021), https:/doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.705916; Daniel A. Hofmaenner, Anna Kleyman, Adrian Press, Michael Bauer, and Mervyn Singer, “The Many Roles of Cholesterol in Sepsis: A Review,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 205, no. 4 (February 2022): 388–396, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202105-1197TR.
186
Lauriane Sèdes, Laura Thirouard, Salwan Maqdasy, Manon Garcia, Françoise Caira, Jean-Marc A. Lobaccaro, Claude Beaudoin, and David H. Volle, “Cholesterol: A Gatekeeper of Male Fertility?” Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne) 9 (2018): 369, https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo. 2018.00369.
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Статей на эту тему довольно много, я привожу лишь одну из них. См. Erik A.H. Knauff, Hendrika E. Westerveld, Angelique J. Goverde, Marinus J. Eijkemans, Olivier Valkenburg, Evert J.P. van Santbrink, Bart Fauser, and Yvonne T. van der Schouw, “Lipid Profile of Women with Premature Ovarian Failure,” Menopause 15, no.5 (July 2008): 919–923, https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31816b4509.
188
Feingold and Grunfeld, “The Effect of Inflammation and Infection on Lipids and Lipoproteins.”
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Lise Bathum, René Depont Christensen, Lars Engers Pedersen, Palle Lyngsie Pedersen, John Larsen, and Jørgen Nexøe, “Association of Lipoprotein Levels with Mortality in Subjects Aged 50 + Without Previous Diabetes or Cardiovascular Disease: A Population-Based Register Study,” Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 31, no. 3 (2013), https://doi.org/10.3109/ 02813432.2013.824157.
190
Marcos Aparecido Sarria Cabrera, Selma Maffei de Andrade, and Renata Maciulis Dip, “Lipids and All-Cause Mortality Among Older Adults: A 12-Year Follow-Up Study,” Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 930139, https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/930139.
191
Ya Liu, Liwen Zhang, Junxian Li, Wenjuan Kang, Mingli Cao, Fangfang Song, and Fengju Song, “Association Between Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and All-Cause Mortality: Results from the NHANES 1999–2014,” Scientific Reports 11 (2021): 22111, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01738-w.
192
Glen D. Lawrence, “Perspective: The Saturated Fat – Unsaturated Oil Dilemma: Relations of Dietary Fatty Acids and Serum Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality,” Advances in Nutrition 12, no. 3 (May 2021): 647–656, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/ nmab013.
193
Martha A. Belury, Emilio Ros, and Penny M. Kris-Etherton, “Weighing Evidence of the Role of Saturated and Unsaturated Fats and Human Health,” Advances in Nutrition 13, no. 2 (March 2022): 686–688, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab160; Jeff M. Moore, “The Dietary Guidelines Are Correct: Saturated Fat Should Be Limited and Replaced with the Proposed Alternatives to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality,” Advances in Nutrition 13, no. 2 (March 2022): 688–690, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab159.
194
Robyn M. Lucas and Rachael M. Rodney Harris, “On the Nature of Evidence and ‘Proving’ Causality: Smoking and Lung Cancer vs. Sun Exposure, Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 2018): 1726, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081726.
195
Carlos Zaragoza, Carmen Gomez-Guerrero, Jose Luis Martin-Ventura, Luis Blanco-Colio, Begoña Lavin, Beñat Mallavia, Carlos Tarin, Sebastian Mas, Alberto Ortiz, and Jesus Egido, “Animal Models of Cardiovascular Diseases,” Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 497841, https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/497841.
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Zaragoza et al., “Animal Models of Cardiovascular Diseases.”
197
Нормальный корм для грызунов содержит 4 % жира по весу. В атерогенном корме для грызунов – 23 % жира. И, если считать, что средний человек съедает 1,5 кг пищи в день, то 1,5 % от этого количества равняется 22 500 мг холестерина. В одной пачке масла 243 мг холестерина. Источник: Ross G. Gerrity, Herbert K. Naito, Mary Richardson, and Colin J. Schwartz, “Dietary Induced Atherogenesis in Swine,” American Journal of Pathology 95 (1979): 775–793, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2042303.
198
Ilona Staprans, Xian-Mang Pan, Joseph H. Rapp, and Kenneth R. Feingold, “The Role of Dietary Oxidized Cholesterol and Oxidized Fatty Acids in the Development of Atherosclerosis,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 49, no. 11 (November 2005): 1075–1082, https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500063.
199
S. Won Park and P. B. Addis, “HPLC Determination of C-7 Oxidized Cholesterol Derivatives in Foods,” Food Science 50, no. 5 (September 1985): 1437–1441, https://doi.org/10.111/j.1365–2621.1985.tb10494.x.
200
Ancel Keys, “Atherosclerosis: A Problem in Newer Public Health,” Journal of the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York 20, no. 2 (July – August 1953): 119–139, текст доступен на сайте Школы здравоохранения Миннесотского университета, www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Keys-Atherosclerosis-A-Problem-in-Newer-Public-Health.pdf.
201
J. Yerushalmy and Herman E. Hilleboe, “Fat in the Diet and Mortality from Heart Disease, A Methodologic Note,” New York State Journal of Medicine 57, no. 14 (1957): 2343–2354, текст доступен на сайте CrossFit: https://library.crossfit.com/free/pdf/1957_Yerushalmy_Hilleboe_Fat_ Diet_Mortality_Heart_Disease.pdf; Zoё Harcombe, “Keys Six Countries Graph,” Dr. Zoё Harcombe, PfD (blog), February 20, 2017, www.zoeharcombe.com/2017/02/keys-six-countries-graph.
202
Harcombe, “Keys Six Countries Graph”; Ancel Keys, “Epidemiologic Aspects of Coronary Artery Disease,” Journal of Chronic Disease 6, no. 5 (1957): 552–559, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(57)90043-7.
203
Nina Teicholz, The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014).
204
Teicholz, Big Fat Surprise, 45–46.
205
Zoё Harcombe, Julien S. Baker, Stephen Mark Cooper, Bruce Davies, Nicholas Sculthorp, James J. DiNicolantonio, and Fergal Grace, “Evidence from Randomised Controlled Trials Did Not Support the Introduction of Dietary Fat Guidelines in 1977 and 1983: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Open Heart 2 (2015): e000196, https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2014-000196.
206
Чарли Браун и Люси ван Пелт – персонажи популярного комикса «Мелочь пузатая». Попытки Чарли Брауна ударить по футбольному мячу (всегда неудачные) изображаются во многих выпусках комикса и анимационного сериала. – Прим. пер.
207
Keys, “Atherosclerosis: A Problem in Newer Public Health.”
208
“Medicine: The Fat of the Land,” Time, January 13, 1961, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,828721-1,00.html.
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“Medicine: The Fat of the Land.”
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Так в США называют городскую агломерацию Миннеаполис – Сент-Пол. – Прим. пер.
211
Ancel Keys and Flaminio Fidanza, “Serum Cholesterol and Relative Body Weight of Coronary Patients in Different Populations,” Circulation 22, no. 6 (December 1960): 1091–1106, https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.22.6.1091 и www.ahajournals.org/doi/epdf/10.1161/01.CIR/22.6. 1091. (Других статей, в которых он представлял собственные данные до 1962 года, найти не удалось.)
212
Ancel Keys, Alessandro Menotti, Christ Aravanis, Henry Blackburn, Bozidar S. Djordevič, Ratko Buzina, and A. S. Dontas, et al., “The Seven Countries Study: 2,289 Deaths in 15 Years,” Preventive Medicine 13, no. 2 (March 1984): 141–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(84)90047-1.
213
Sally Fallon and Mary G. Enig, “The Oiling of America,” Weston A. Price Foundation, January 17, 2019, www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/the-oiling-of-america.
214
“Our Lifesaving History,” American Heart Association, ссылка открыта 10 сентября 2023, www.heart.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-american-heart-association и www.heart.org/-/media/Files/About-Us/History/History-of-the-American-Heart-Association.pdf; “Research Accomplishments,” American Heart Association, ссылка открыта 10 сентября 2023, https://professional.heart.org/en/research-programs/aha-research-accomplishments.
215
Richard Doll and A. Bradford Hill, “The Mortality of Doctors in Relation to Their Smoking Habits,” British Medical Journal 1 (1954): 1451, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4877.1451.
216
David Kritchevsky, “History of Recommendations to the Public About Dietary Fat,” Journal of Nutrition 128, no. 2 (February 1998): 449S–452S, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.2.449S.
217
Irvine H. Page, Edgar V. Allen, Francis L. Chamberlain, Ancel Keys, Jeremiah Stamler, Fredrick J. Stare, and the Central Committee for Medical and Community Program of the American Heart Association and Ad Hoc Committee on Dietary Fat and Atherosclerosis, “Dietary Fat and Its Relation to Heart Attacks and Strokes,” Circulation 23 (1961): 133–136, https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.23.1.133 и www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01.cir.23.1.133.
218
Daan Kromhout, Alessandro Menotty, and Henry Blackburn, eds., The Seven Countries Study: A Scientific Adventure in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology (Bilthoven, Netherlands: Studio RIVM, 1984.)
219
Ancel Keys, Henry Longstreet Taylor, Henry Blackburn, Josef Brozek, Joseph T. Anderson, and Ernst Simonson, “Coronary Heart Disease Among Minnesota Business and Professional Men Followed Fifteen Years,” Circulation 23 (September 1963): 381–395, https://doi.org/10.1161/01. CIR.28.3.381.
220
The Search, 1953, produced by CBS News, hosted at University of Minnesota School of Public Health, www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/video/the-search-1953.
221
F. E. Kendall, W. Meyer, and M. Bevans, “Effect of Intravenous Injection of Oxidized Cholesterol Upon the Production of Atherosclerosis in Rabbits,” Federation Proceedings 7, no. 1, part 1 (1948): 273.
222
Henry E. Armstrong, “Carbonic Oxide in Tobacco Smoke,” British Medical Journal 1, no. 3208 (1922): 992.
223
Nutrition Coalition, “The Largest Promoters of High-Carb Diets Are Funded by Corporate Interests,” January 19, 2018, www.nutritioncoalition.us/news/2018/1/19/the-largest-promoters-of-high-carb-diets-are-funded-by-corporate-interests.
224
AHA Financial Information from the American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/aha-financial-information.
225
“Advocacy,” American Heart Association, ссылка открыта 10 сентября 2023, www.heart.org/en/get-involved-advocate.
226
Harcombe et al., “Evidence from Randomised Controlled Trials Did Not Support the Introduction of Dietary Fat Guidelines in 1977 and 1983”; Nina Teicholz, “A Short History of Saturated Fat: The Making and Unmaking of a Scientific Consensus,” Current Opinions in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 65–71, https://doi.org/10.1097/ med.0000000000000791; Zoё Harcombe, “Dietary Fat Guidelines Have No Evidence Base: Where Next for Public Health Nutritional Advice?” British Journal of Sports Medicine 51 (2017): 769–774, https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096734.
227
“Research Programs,” American Heart Association Professional Heart Daily, ссылка открыта 1 августа 2023, https://professional.heart.org/en/research-programs.
228
Фрэнсис Сладек, телефонное интервью с автором, 24 февраля 2015.
229
W. Bruce Fye, “A History of the American Heart Association’s Council on Clinical Cardiology,” Circulation 87 (1993): 1057–1063, https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.87.3.1057.
230
Fye, “A History of the American Heart Association’s Council on Clinical Cardiology.”
231
Fye, “A History of the American Heart Association’s Council on Clinical Cardiology.”
232
Fye, “A History of the American Heart Association’s Council on Clinical Cardiology.”
233
Протоколы собраний Американского кардиологического общества, 1948.
234
Teicholz, Big Fat Surprise, 47; Teicholz, “The Questionable Link Between Saturated Fat and Heart Disease,” Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/the-questionable-link-between-saturated-fat-and-heart-disease-1399070926.
235
Fye, “A History of the American Heart Association’s Council on Clinical Cardiology.”
236
Edward L. Bernays, The Engineering of Consent (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969.)
237
“Water Fluoridation Data & Statistics,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, версия от 9 июня 2023, www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/statistics/index.htm.
238
Edward L. Bernays, Propaganda (Brooklyn< NY: Ig Publishing, 2005).
239
Christopher Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 159.
240
Bryson, Fluoride Deception, 159.
241
Larry Tye, The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of Public Relations (New York: Picador, 2002), 74.
242
Bernays, Propaganda, 37.
243
United States Department of Agriculture, Yearbooks of the United States Department of Agriculture (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), доступно по ссылке https://acrhive.org/details/yoa1903/page/n1mode/2up.
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Bryson, Fluoride Deception, 159.
245
На момент написания книги эта программа все еще работала. Компания может получить лицензию на использование маркировки «Полезно для сердца», заплатив «административный взнос» – несколько тысяч долларов за артикул в год, – если продукция соответствует критериям организации, в числе которых – ограничение содержания насыщенных жиров во всех продуктах (и отсутствие ограничений на содержание ПНЖК в большинстве продуктов). См. “Heart-Check Food Certification Program Fee Structure,” American Heart Association, www.heart.org/-/media/files/healthy-living/company-collaboration/ heart-check-certification/hc-pricing-sheet.pdf; “Heart-Check Food Certification Program Nutrition Requirements,” American Heart Association, www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/company-collaboration/heart-check-certification/heart-check-in-the-grocery-store/heart-check-food-certification-program-nutrition-requirements.
246
В США кесарево сечение делают 33–36 % всех рожениц. Сейчас много шума подняли вокруг необязательных кесаревых сечений, но, по моему личному опыту, большинство кесаревых сечений делают из-за тех или иных осложнений беременности, например патологий с амниотической жидкостью или преэклампсии, или проблем при родах, в том числе неправильного предлежания или дистресса плода, а также предыдущих кесаревых сечений. Согласно данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, количество «необходимых» кесаревых сечений составляет 10–15 %. Но эта цифра основана на устаревших на несколько десятилетий данных, которые не учитывают распространение ожирения – а ожирение повышает вероятность того, что понадобится кесарево сечение.
247
K. M. Venkat Narayan, James P. Boyle, Theodore J. Thompson, Stephen W. Sorensen, and David F. Williamson, “Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in the United States,” JAMA 290, no. 14 (2003): 1884–1890, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.14.1884.
248
Доктора Клиша позже критиковали за то, что его слова были основаны только на личном опыте работы педиатром, а не на данных исследований. Тем не менее его заявление возымело большое влияние, и его много цитировали в JAMA и других медицинских журналах. Оно сыграло важнейшую роль, покончив с самоуспокоенностью по поводу здоровья нации.
249
Dariush Mozaffarian, Renata Micha, and Sarah Wallace, “Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” PLOS Medicine 7, no. 3 (2010): e1000252, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252.
250
Suzanne White Junod, “Statins: A Success Story Involving FDA, Academia and Industry,” Update, March – April 2017, www.fda.gov/media/110452/download.
251
“WHO Cooperative Trial on Primary Prevention of Ischaemic Heart Disease with Clofibrate to Lower Serum Cholesterol: Final Mortality Follow-up: Report of the Committee of Principal Investigators,” Lancet 2, no. 8403 (September 15, 1984): 600–604, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6147641.
252
Marco Struder, Matthias Briel, Bernd Leimenstoll, Tracy R. Glass, and Heiner C. Bucher, “Effect of Different Antilipidemic Agents and Diets on Mortality: A Systematic Review,” Archives of Internal Medicine 165, no. 7 (2005): 725–730, https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.7.725.
253
Stephen J. Nicholls and Kristen Bubb, “The Mystery of Evacetrapib – Why Are CETP Inhibitors Failing?” Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 18, no. 3 (2020), https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14779072.2020.1745633.
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Nicholls and Bubb, “The Mystery of Evacetrapib.”
255
Robert duBroff, “Cholesterol Paradox: A Correlate Does Not a Surrogate Make,” BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 22, no. 1 (2017): 15–19, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmed-2016-110602.
256
Ihab Suliman, Abdulaziz Batarfi, Hassan Almohammadi, Hisham Aljeraisi, Hassan Alnaserallah, and Ali Alghamdi, “Prevalence of Self-Reported Muscle Pain Among Statin Users from National Guard Hospital, Riyadh,” Cureus 14, no. 3 (March 2022): e23463, https://doi.org/ 10.7759/cureus.23463.
257
Sarah Zhang, “America’s Most Popular Drug Has a Puzzling Side Effect. We Finally Know Why,” Atlantic, June 27, 2023, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2023/06the-gene-that-explains-statins-most-puzzling-side-effect/674542.
258
Zhang, “America’s Most Popular Drug Has a Puzzling Side Effect.”
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Peter H. Langsjoen, Jens O. Langsjoen, Alena M. Langsjoen, and Franklin Rosenfeldt, “Statin-Associated Cardiomypoathy Responds to Statin Withdrawal and Administration of Coenzyme Q10,” Permanente Journal 23 (2019): 18–257, https://doi.org/10.7812.TPP/18.257.
260
Langsjoen et al., “Statin-Associated Cardiomyopathy Responds to Statin Withdrawal and Administration of Coenzyme Q10.”
261
«Острая обработка срезов гиппокампа диких мышей ингибитором мевалонового сигнального пути (статином) также нарушает долговременную потенциацию», т. е. с помощью статинов можно создать точно такие же нарушающие память повреждения нервов, как и генетические модификации, которые вызывают у мышей деменцию. Tiina J. Kotti, Denise M.O. Ramirez, Brad E. Pfeiffer, and David W. Russell, “Brain Cholesterol Turnover Required for Geranylgeraniol Production and Learning in Mice,” PNAS 103, no. 10 (March 2006): 3869–3874, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600316103.
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Anamaria Jurcau and Aurel Simion, “Cognition, Statins, and Cholesterol in Elderly Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Neurologist’s Perspective,” Medicina (Kaunas) 57, no. 6 (June 13, 2021): 616, https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57060616.
263
Fan Nils Yang, Macdonell Stanford, and Xiong Jiang, “Low Cholesterol Level Linked to Reduced Semantic Fluency Performance and Reduced Gray Matter Volume in the Medial Temporal Lobe,” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (March 31, 2020), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020. 00057.
264
Beatrice Alexandra Golomb, Michael H. Criqui, Halbert White, and Joel E. Dimsdale, “Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin Study,” Archives of Internal Medicine 164, no. 2 (2004): 153–162, https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.2.153.
265
“How Statins Made Me Stupid | EpicReviewGuys in 4k CC,” YouTube, канал EpicReviewGuys, 31 октября 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKYBp5aukQA.
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“Psychiatric Side Effects of Statins | An Interview with Beatrice Golomb,” YouTube, канал Witt-Doering Psychiatry, 28 июня 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-7NizS-piiI; Golomb et al., “Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin Study.”
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“Psychiatric Side Effects of Statins,” YouTube.
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Samaneh Asgari, Hengameh Abdi, Alireza Mahdavi Hezaveh, Alireza Moghisi, Koorosh Etemad, Hassan Riahi Beni, and Davood Khalili, “The Burden of Statin Therapy Based on ACC/AHA and NCEP ATP-III Guidelines: An Iranian Survey of Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors,” Scientific Reports 8 (2018): 4928, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23364-9; Martin Bødtker Mortensen and Børge Grønne Nordestgaard, “Comparison of Five Major Guidelines for Statin Use in Primary Prevention in a Contemporary General Population,” Annals of Internal Medicine 168, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 85–92, https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0681.
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Peter Ueda, Thomas Wai-Chun Lung, Philip Clarke, and Goodarz Danaei, “Application of the 2014 NICE Cholesterol Guidelines in the English Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis,” British Journal of General Practice 67, no. 662 (September 2017): e598-e608, https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17x692141. (В рекомендациях 2023 г. почти ничего не изменилось.)
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Andrew Paul DeFilippis, Rebekah Young, John W. McEvoy, Erin D. Michos, Veit Sandfort, Richard A. Kronmal. Robyn L. McClelland, and Michael J. Blah, “Risk Score Overestimation: The Impact of Individual Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Preventive Therapies on the Performance of the American Heart Association – American College of Cardiology-Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score in a Modern Multi-Ethnic Cohort,” European Heart Journal 38, no. 8 (February 21, 2017): 598–608, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw301.
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“Healthcare Spending in the United States Remains High,” Peter G. Peterson Foundation, April 5, 2023, www.pgpf.org/blog/2023/04/healthcare-spending-in-the-united-states-remains-high; Steven Zahniser and Kathleen Kassel, “What Is Agriculture’s Share of the Overall US Economy?” US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, версия от 6 января 2023, www.ers.usda.gov/data-products-chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=58270; “The United States Spends More on Defense Than the Next 10 Countries Combined,” Peter G. Peterson Foundation, April 24, 2023, www.pgpf.org/blog/2023/04/the-united-states-spends-more-on-defense-than-the-next-10-countries-combined; Statista Research Department, “Tech GDP as a Percent of Total GDP in the U.S. 2017–2022,” Statista, July 11, 2023, www.statista.com/statistics/1239480/ united-states-leading-states-by-tech-contribution-to-gross-product.
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276
John Abramson, Overdosed America: The Broken Promise of American Medicine (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008).
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Abramson, Overdosed America.
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Stine Krogh Venø, Christian Sørensen Bork, Marianna Uhre Jakobsen, Søren Lundbye-Christensen, Flemming Winther Bach, Kim Overvad, and Erik Berg Schmidt, “Linoleic Acid in Adipose Tissue and Development of Ischemic Stroke: A Danish Case-Cohort Study,” Journal of the American Heart Association 13, no. 3 (2018): e009820, https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009820.
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Kana Miyahara, Naoharu Takano, Yumiko Namada, Hiromi Kazama, Mayumi Tokuhisa, Hirotsugu Hino, Koji Fujita, et al., “BRCA1 Degradation in Response to Mitochondrial Damage in Breast Cancer Cells,” Scientific Reports 11 (2021): 8375, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87698-7; Minsoo Kim, Mahnoor Mahmood, Ed Reznik, and Payam A. Gammage, “Mitochondrial DNA Is a Major Source of Driver Mutations in Cancer,” Trends in Cancer 8, no. 12 (December 2022): 1046–1059, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2022.08.001.
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«По сравнению с ядерной ДНК, митохондриальная ДНК (мтДНК) более уязвима к воздействию повреждающих ДНК веществ, а накапливающиеся повреждения ДНК могут вызывать митохондриальную дисфункцию и становиться движущей силой патогенеза различных человеческих болезней, в том числе нейродегенеративных расстройств и рака»: Ziye Rong, Peipei Tu, Peiqi Xu, Yan Sun, Fangfang Yu, Na Tu, Lixia Guo, and Yanan Yang, “The Mitochondrial Response to DNA Damage,” Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Sec. Cell Death and Survival 9 (May 2021), https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021/669379.
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Takako Yoshida, Shinji Goto, Miho Kawakatsu, Yoshishige Urata, and Tao-sheng Li, “Mitochondrial Dysfunction, a Probable Cause of Persistent Oxidative Stress After Exposure to Ionizing Radiation,” Free Radical Research 46, no. 2 (2012): 147–153, https://doi.org/10.3109/ 10715762.2011.645207.
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В этом исследовании не было «восстановительного» периода, который позволил бы участникам вернуться в исходное состояние; критики считают, что это отклонение от нормы. Однако это дало нам уникальную возможность оценить эффект «подготовки» к кетодиете.
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«Белки, содержащиеся в детских молочных смесях, модифицируются окислением и гликированием во время переработки»: Zhifei Chen, Alina Kondrashina, Ines Greco, Luke F. Gamon, Marianne N. Lund, Linda Giblin, and Michael J. Davies, “Effects on Protein-Derived Amino Acid Modification Products Present in Infant Formula on Metabolic Function, Oxidative Stress, and Intestinal Permeability in Cell Models,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 67, no. 19 (May 15, 2019): 5634–5646, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01324.
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Эта идея хорошо обоснована в книге Дэна Бюттнера The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer from the People Who’ve Lived the Longest (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2008) («Голубые зоны. 9 правил долголетия от людей, которые живут дольше всех», Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2015 г.). Автор посетил четыре деревни в разных уголках мира, жители которых оставались здоровыми в возрасте под восемьдесят и за восемьдесят, и взял интервью у некоторых старейших жителей этих деревень. К сожалению, часть его расходов была оплачена Церковью адвентистов седьмого дня, у которых очень негибкие представления о том, какой должна быть здоровая диета: в частности, они считают, что такая диета должна быть растительной. Хотя в его наблюдениях и указывается, что жители деревень употребляли много животных продуктов (например, каждую неделю покупали «двухлитровые пластиковые бутылки, наполненные топленым салом»), на рассуждения и выводы автора, судя по всему, немало повлияла повестка, продвигаемая спонсорами.
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Все представленные здесь ссылки и сноски сохранены по требованию правообладателя. В России ссылки могут быть недоступны и не представляют интереса с точки зрения возможностей их использования. Издательство не рекламирует товаров и услуг и не поддерживает ни одну из компаний, которые могут быть представлены по ссылкам. – Прим. ред.
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В России анализ инсулинорезистентности HOMA-IR можно сделать во всех основных лабораториях.